Fighting Police Abuse: A Community Action Manual Essay

Stop and Frisk has been a very active public affair that had held serious concerns over racial profiling, illegal stops, and privacy rights. The police were stopping hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers yearly. Stop and Frisk is based on a standard of the power granted upon the standard of reasonable suspicion. A police officer has the power to stop, question, and frisk suspects given reasonable circumstances. It is a question of each individual case that determined whether it is necessary for reasonable detention or investigation. If an officer suspects that a person is armed and dangerous, a frisk may be conducted without a warrant. Under the stop and frisk law, officers can stop people walking down the streets and search them for weapons, drugs and other illegal pieces of stuff. The stop and frisk were created to embrace the proactive and preventive theory of crime fighting. It was prioritized to conduct street surveillance of suspicious people and habitual offenders. Though the start of stops and frisk sounds protective and safe, it ended up as an aggressive policing, which was in a very heated situation for years. The vague suspicion, the search of an individual and the force used upon the target was incredible. Nearly most of the people stopped and frisked was innocent. â€Å"In 2002, New Yorkers were stopped by the police 97,296 times. 80,176 were totally innocent (82 percent)† (the NYCLU Campaign). Even without suspicion of wrongdoing, an officer approached someone and interrogate them based on their appearance. These searches were often unsuccessful in catching criminals, but few of them believed it was a success at crime control and stopped potential crime. Race played an important role in how minorities were targeted by the stop and frisk policy. The law strictly targeted African American and Hispanics and other disempowered communities. For example in the article of NYCLU Campaign, it mentions, â€Å"Young black and Latino men were the targets of a hugely disproportionate number of stops. Though they account for only 4.7 percent of the city’s population, black and Latino males between the ages of 14 and 24 accounted for 40.6 percent of stops in 2012. The number of stops of young black men neared the entire city population of young black men (133,119 as compared to 158,406). More than 90 percent of young black and Latino men stopped were innocent.† The stops indicated the innocent of a person and the color basis of a person. Walking around the city and being stopped by a police officer because of the skin tone resulted in racial discrimination. Majority of Latinos and African American were scared when they saw an officer because they used excessive force and targeted them as a criminal or an outsider. Stop  ¬and frisk indicated that race was the primary factor in certain, whom the NYPD mostly stopped were Black and Latino neighborhoods and even in areas where populations were racially mixed or mostly White. Blacks and Latinos were treated more harshly than Whites, being more likely to be arrested instead of given a summons when compared to White people accused of the same crimes. In addition, Blacks and Latinos were also more likely to have force used against them by police. The amount of force used against African American and Hispanics did not only affect them physically but also created lasting feelings of resentment and distrust on officers. â€Å"People who have been stopped say that if they show the slightest bit of resistance, even verbally, they can find themselves slammed against walls, forced to the ground and, on rarer occasions, with officer’s guns pointed at their heads.†(Rivera). The experience of being stopped and frisked by police often lasted emotionally. People who were stopped felt a range of emotions during stops, such as anger, fear, and shame. Stop and frisk left people feeling unsafe and afraid to leave their homes whenever they see the police. People who were stopped reported that stops often resulted in excessive force by police, for example when officers slapped them, beat them, or hurt them physically. The force not al ways paid out compared to the effect that it left on the people. Being harassed in public, a person could go through life challenges, feeling hopeless, uncomfortable, vulnerable and high alert. The body and the mind get tensed and start to get conscious around the surroundings that stares and ignores with a disgusting looks. Therefore, in the article of Rivera, two officers stopped a man named Christopher Graham19 years old after leaving his friend’s apartment. He was pushed against the walls and when the officer groped his personal space, Graham said, â€Å"I said, ‘Whoa, what are you doing?’ † Mr. Graham recalled. â€Å"The cop put his hand on the back of my cap and, boom, smashed my head into the wall of the apartment, for no reason.† The aftermath of the frisk was horrible because he had gone through six stitches, terrifying experience and an unfortunate dreadful account with the officers. He was neither arrested nor called for summons but yet had a scar that would remain in his whole life. The stops explored that young people perceived the police whether or not they felt safe where they lived, not to turn to law enforcement for help or to report crimes they knew about. The experience being stopped by police repeatedly perceived to be unfair and could be associated w ith undesirable developmental consequences. The Terry v. Ohio supreme court case was one of the biggest cases regarding the policy of stop and frisk. It lasted a great impact on the practice of stop and frisk, sometimes called Terry stop. An officer stopped John Terry the petitionary after the officer observed Terry staring at the store for a possible robbery. The officer ran a quick search and after approaching three men, the officer found revolvers that denied their appeals. The Terry stop gleaned from the information about whether the search was the protection of the officers and the public safety. The stop must have a reasonable suspicion to initiate the suspect and explain why the suspect behavior suggested criminal activity. The stop had to give reasons and explain, more than just hunches. The Terry stop cannot take the suspect to the police, move to a second different location, use excessive force and search for anything besides weapons. The Floyd vs New York City supreme case was yet one of the biggest controversial on stop and frisk. It was a case that questioned the stops that were not caused due to probable or reasonable stops. It violated the Fourth Amendment and the Fourteen Amendment which was not an equal protection due to all the obvious racial disparities in who is stopped and searched by NYPD. Both the Supreme Court case lawsuit challenged the use of stop and frisk as a violation guaranteed to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. Comparing the differences between past stop and frisk and the recent ones that have taken place, I believe the recent ones have become more lenient towards the people. In the past, the officers did not stop a person because of reasonable suspicion; they were stopping to fulfill the record of their data and show their superiors what they have done for the day. The data recorded in stop and frisk was recorded in the person’s background check. The record stayed in the data for a lifetime, which did not come in the good outcome because even though they were innocent a criminal record was there in the system. Plus, during the olden days, police stopped a person regarding their guesses and suspicion and did not have a valid reason for a stop. After the supreme cases, the violation of the Fourth and Fourteen Amendment came to a tight spot where people knew about their rights and the officers grew more attention on the reasonable and suspicions stops. Therefore, based on past and toady’s issues time in New York City, after the cases, it provides an environment by bringing humanity together without any kind of race and social system. The stop and frisk that adapted during the beginning early was a process of improving the city. Looking back at the times when the rights were violated and not respected, we can just emphasize and see the wrongdoings that can be prevented today. Stop and frisk is not just an impractical way of fighting crime in New York City but also violated towards people’s right to walk freely. People were being stopped based on their skin color and appearance, the way they walked and even the neighborhood they lived in. The use of force against the minorities left them devastated and also affected others who lived under the same weight of this unprecedented policy. These stops had become extensive that many people learned to adjust their daily routines to protect themselves from regular police harassment. Thus, it created distrust towards the law and harmed people who were already disadvantaged in our city. The effects on crime rate were not so huge either. It did make a difference in the statistics but compare to the stops and the statics of crime report, it was humongous. There was no relationship between the stop and frisk and crimes took place. After all the scenario of protest, the New York City police restricted their stop and frisk policy two years ago. Even after restricting the policy, there were no impact or increases in the crime rates. In fact, the crimes had gone down and were stable as it was. In another hand, it did keep guns off the street but unfortunately; violating constitutional rights of some of the minorities did not work together with the policy.

Immigration Reform

Immigration and Immigration Reform Haley Johnson Axia College of University of Phoenix Thesis Statement: More and more immigrants are coming in to the United States each year, and we as a nation should truly reevaluate our immigration policies. Immigration and Immigration Reform The number of illegal immigrants who come into the United States each year is staggering, and the numbers just keep on increasing. Three million illegal immigrants come into the United States every year. (Bush 2009) This has been an increasing problem, and one that greatly affects the United States and its citizens. More and more immigrants are coming in to the United States each year, and we as a nation should truly reevaluate our immigration policies. [pic] Immigration has been responsible for religious changes, cultural change and population growth throughout the history of the United States. The political, economic, and social aspects of immigration have created much controversy in regards to religion, ethnicity, job security, job growth, economic benefits, where people live, not to mention impact on upward social growth, amount of criminal activity, moral values, and work habits. As of 2006, the United States has allowed more illegal immigrants to become permanent residents, more than any other country in the world. (Bush 2009) Some of these reforms can be clearly seen in a study performed by The Center of Immigration Studies. For example in â€Å"1995 immigration costs us a net $29 billion a year. That was more than the combined budgets of the Departments of State, Justice and Interior. ) Those costs include areas such as education, health care, and welfare programs used by immigrants. That estimate would be much higher today, because the wave of illegal immigration has continued unchecked, and legal immigrant admission has continued to grow to a historically high level. † (The center of Immigration Studies 2005) [pic] Illegal immigrants have also placed a strain on our educational system, according to the center of immigration studies (2005), a study was performed in 2004 that stated that taxpayers were spending $28. 6 billion dollars in school and school related coast â€Å"each† year. Costs Table from the October 1996 Huddle Study | |Program (amounts in billion $s) |Legal |Illegal |Total | |Public Education K-12 |$14. 38 |$5. 85 |$20. 23 | |Public Higher Education |$5. 55 |$0. 71 |$6. 26 | |ESL and Bilingual Education |$2. 82 |$1. 22 |$4. 04 | |Food Stamps |$2. 81 |$0. 85 |$3. 6 | |AFDC |$2. 71 |$0. 50 |$3. 21 | |Supplemental Security Income (SSI) |$2. 76 |n/a |$2. 76 | |Housing |$2. 37 |$0. 61 |$2. 98 | |Social Security |$21. 92 |$3. 61 |$25. 53 | |Earned Income Tax Credit |$3. 69 |$0. 68 |$4. 37 | |Medicaid |$11. 3 |$3. 12 |$14. 55 | |Medicare A and B |$5. 49 |$0. 58 |$6. 07 | |Criminal Justice and Corrections |$2. 32 |$0. 76 |$3. 08 | |Local Government |$15. 32 |$5. 00 |$20. 32 | |Other Programs |$18. 41 |$9. 25 |$27. 66 | |Total Costs |$111. 98 |$32. 74 |$144. 0 | |Less Taxes Paid |$82. 38 |$12. 59 |$94. 97 | |Net Costs of Direct Services |$29. 60 |$20. 16 |$49. 76 | |Displacement Costs |$10. 96 |$4. 28 |$15. 24 | |All Net Costs |$40. 56 |$24. 44 |$65. 00 | |Percent of Net Costs |62. 4% |37. 6% |100% | Table By (The center of Immigration Studies 2005) This and other forms of abuse on the U. S have been the topic of much controversy on how this problem should be dealt with. There has been a multitude of different opinions on, how and what we should do at the border. What we should do with immigrants who are currently living in the United States; and how all of these illegal immigrants have impacted the economy of the United States. These are a few of the reforms that former President Bush had proposed so as to slow down the number of illegal immigrants that come into the United States each year. The return and removal of illegal immigrants from the United States is one of the most widely discussed topics. Since 2007the United States Customs and Border Protection (ICE) has returned or removed over 1. 2 million illegal immigrants from the United States. ICE has expanded its Criminal Alien Program to included incarcerated criminal illegal aliens. In 2007, ICE identified 164,296 convicted criminals who were incarcerated in Federal, state and local penitentiaries (These are people who came into the United States illegally and committed a crime. These people were sent back to their native counties once there prison term was completed. There has also been an increase of fugitive teams from 15 in 2005 to 75 in 2007. These â€Å"teams† are sole responsible for removing fugitive aliens from the United States then transporting them back to there native countries. (Bush 2009) Improving border security is another important factor in the Country’s continued efforts in protec ting our borders. More than 85% of apprehended illegal immigrants are from Mexico, most are immediately returned across the border within 24 hours. But there are â€Å"non –Mexican† immigrants that are apprehended and cannot be immediately retuned, those people are given a court date to return (75 percent of those people failed to appear), this is a direct result of there simply not being enough bed space available in the detention centers. Out of 160,000 non-Mexicans last year only 30,000 were, in fact, sent home. (Bush 2009) The United States also faces other immigration challenges, like what to do with illegal immigrants once they are already â€Å"in† the country. After all most of our agricultural farming is done by illegal immigrants. Former President Bush came up with some procedures to regulate the influx of immigrants coming into the United States to perform these labor intensive jobs. By establishing these new persuaders and regulations the agricultural community will still receive the labor it needs to run effectively, thereby reducing the cost and helping our economy prosper. DHS is working on regulations to streamline H-2B Program and to allow X amount of green cards to be given to illegal immigrants and migrant workers, that way they could be more easily tracked. That way the government can collect taxes from them, which will improve our economy, while still allowing the agricultural community to still use seasonal or day laborers. (Bush 2009) Then there is also the fact of illegal immigrants who are already currently in the country. What should be done with them? Former President Bush came up with some more ideas. He had devised a revised Naturalization exam that was completed in September of 2007 and worked to get a free web-based program so immigrant can learn English. This is being completed by the Education Department) Also he had arranged for the Office of Citizenship to provide knowledgeable volunteers to assist illegal immigrants through the citizenship and naturalization process, free of charge. (Bush 2009) Even though all these measures have been put into effect so as to slowdown the amount of illegal immigrants that come in each year though our borders, there are still THREE Million people entering the United States illegally each year. Bush 2009) In 1986 Congress decided to amend the Immigration and control act of 1952. Congress felt the immigration was getting â€Å"out of control† and there needed to be a change, about thirty to fifty percent of the growth in the U. S was due to illegal immigration. So Congress felt that the best way to deal with the problem was eliminate the incentive for people to come into the country illegally, to make it harder for employers to hire illegal’s and for them to receive government benefits. But this tactic seamed futile, since then illegal immigration has just grown. [pic] So what should be done, to lessen the flow of illegal into the United States? And who should be held accountable? President Barack Obama has stated that he wants to improve our immigration System. One of the ways is by giving citizenship to illegal immigrants who have children born in the United States so to allow families to remain together. In addition President Barack Obama plans to remove all incentives for people to cross the borders. President Barack Obama plans to do that by cracking down on employers that are â€Å"knowingly† hiring illegal immigrants. He also has plans to work with Mexico so as to improve their economic growth, there by reducing the need for people to cross the borders illegally, so as to obtain jobs needed to support themselves and there families. (Obama 2009) Times are changing, our county is facing a financial crisis where we can no longer stand by and allow our countries money and recourses to be used up by illegal immigrants. We have to protect our borders; I propose that we spend less money on government â€Å"Bail of money† and we put more money and our recourses into protecting our country. In turn this will help our economic growth, by placing less of a strain on our hospitals ($250 million each year) and our education expenses ($28. 6 billion dollars annually). The government should make it a rule at â€Å"every† undocumented persons receiving these types of benefits should be sent back to their county. Let they own country of origin have to deal with these billion dollar expenses. New Jersey is considered one of the states that have the highest growth in illegal immigration. Every day there illegal’s waiting on the corners to be picked up as day labors. Why dose INS not check more frequently and pick up these â€Å"know† illegal’s? Instead INS and the local police department’s turn a blind eye. INS should make random spot checks in know immigrant communities and business so as to lessen the amount of illegal immigrants that come into the United States. Besides there being an economic drain of the United States illegal immigrants can be a â€Å"security risk† to the U. S. All of the billions of dollars that are being given out to these fortune five hundred companies should be redirected towards our countries security and financial stability. Each year more illegal immigrants come into this country taking away our jobs, not allowing our dollar to circulate within the country, there by not permitting the money to circulate through the United States, as well as placing a finical drain on our country. We as the people of this fine country need to reevaluate what we plan to do about this increasing problem. Decide what can be done and put those thoughts into action. Remember there are THREE million illegal immigrants coming into this country each year (Bush 2009) and over $28 BILLION dollars going towards illegal immigrants, education, medical expenses, and government programs. (The center of Immigration Studies 2005) References Page The White House  (2009) Website has many intrusting new policies about immigration reform. White House. (2009). Immigration. Retrieved May 11, 2009 from http://www. whitehouse. gov The Website Barack Obama (2009) lays out what Barack Obama will do once he pronounced president. Obama, B, (2009). Plan for immigration. Retrieved May 11, 2009 from http://www. barackobama. com Federation for American immigration reform (January 2009) provides statistical and legal issues regarding immigration in the U. S (2009) Immigration. Retrieved May 11, 2009 http://www. fairus. org/site/PageServer? pagename=research_research9605 NA. (2006, June) â€Å"Economy factors into immigration debate. †Ã‚  American City & County  121. 6  . Retrieved May 11, 2009 from General OneFile. Database Rytine, N. (2002, October) â€Å"Effects of Immigration Reform and Control Act legalization through 2001. † , â€Å"Exhibit 1-IRCA Legalization: Temporary Residence, Permanent Residence, and Naturalization through 2001,† in IRCA Legalization Effects: Lawful Permanent Residence and Naturalization through 2001, U. S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved May 11, 2009 Gale Virtual Reference Library Byram, J. (2004, March) â€Å"Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. †Ã‚  Major Acts of Congress. Ed. Brian K. Landsberg. Vol. 2. New York:  Macmillan Reference USA,   2004. 2  pp. 3  vols. Retrieved May 11, 2009 Gale Virtual Reference Library Immigration and Immigration Reform 11 References Page Holland, H. (2008, November)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Government contractors hiring undocumented workers: national security implications and solutions. †Ã‚  Public Contract Law Journal  36. 2  (Wntr 2007):  263(14). Retrieved May 11, 2009 from  General OneFile Database Fennelly,K. (2007, February)†U. S. immigration: a historical perspective. †National Voter 56. 2:4(4) Retrieved May 11, 2009 from General OneFile Database Immigration Reform Immigration Reform Team C – Sivi Contreras, Jenifer Navarro, Angela Hernandez BCOM/275 February 5, 2013 Gloria Flores ABSTRACT The debate over immigration has become one of the most heated arguments. Immigrants leave their home countries desperate need for food to feed their families, unemployment purposes, their poverty conditions environment, for those who are employed are tired of the below market wages, and the unequal treatment. Today they are about 11 million undocumented workers in the United States and Americans fear that because of this matter, immigrants will increase cost, overwhelm the country, and change American society.Immigration Reform Immigration statistics will prove how rapidly immigration is increasing, including the importance of the Dream Act, the Immigration reform, and its pros and cons. Systems that will help families that want to be in the United States, but in return help the economy. The purposes of the new Immigration reform are to accomplish a ne w economic picture, by creating ideas of improving our border security; workplace enforcement; to help those whom are seeking permanent residence; and new ways to improve the immigration system. StatisticsThey are about 12 to 15 million undocumented workers and families illegally in the United States and about 1,042,625 are obtaining legal permanent resident. California and Texas are the top states with the highest population of immigration. New York Times article included that this year’s cost of immigration was 13,000,000,000, including 52,000,000,000 for education, and 1,400,000 number of illegal immigrant households that use at least one welfare service. In a (2007) report the heritage foundation added that â€Å"For every $1 they contribute to Social Security, low-skilled illegal aliens withdraw $10 in total government benefits.Just looking at one federal benefits program, Social Security, is sure to lead a person to a wrong answer because there are more than 60 differe nt federal benefit programs. Their children born in the US are, or one person in the household is legal and can get benefits that help everybody in the household, or the individuals use fraudulent documents to obtain benefits. † What will charts look like in the future with this matter? Most of us that consider â€Å"green card† are a legal document allowing an immigrant to live and work in the United States.Another form for immigrants that does not require labor purposes is a Refugee. A Refugee is known as a form of protection for those whom cannot return to their original hometown because of fear of being harmed. In 2011 a total of 56,384 persons were approved to go to the United States as refugees. Part of the immigration reform is to bring a better life to any human who fears their country because of persecution of race, religion, and nationality. About 9,550 individuals who applied were approved for asylum with travel documents to enter the United States and 24,988 individuals were granted asylum.These statistics were based on 2011 reports and are rapidly increasing because of this matter we are starting to worry. The Heritage Foundation addressed that the illegal alien lobby frequently touts the statistic that illegal alien workers contribute $7 billion each year to Social Security. But it costs $14. 2 billion each year to imprison illegal aliens for other crimes they commit. It’s as if they are putting money into one of Uncle Sam’s pockets, while pilfering twice the amount from the other (2007 report). If this immigration continues to grow at this level nation's population will increase from 301 million today to 468 million.Dream Act What is Dream Act? It is the legislation that provides immigration status to undocumented immigrants who entered United States while being minors. During 2001 the original bill was called the development relief and education for alien minors act. The public engagement of the white House posted on their web 10 reasons why they needed the Dream Act. Summarizing argument's that two secretaries including other people have made for the act. The dream act will help our economy marketing easier for immigration enforcements efforts on undocumented immigrants â€Å"Who pose a threat to our country† (Zehr, 2010,).The development relief and education for aliens minors act or dream act provide a path for legalization for undocumented high school graduates who meet the requirements of completing two years of college, military service, have entered United States before the age of 16, must be between the age of 12 and 35 to complete the application, good moral character, and no criminal record. If the congress passed the dream act it would add $329 billion to U. S. economy impacting it by $181 billion creating 1. 4 million new jobs and more than $10 billion increase revenue by 2030.Many Dream Act opponents call it an immigration amnesty. They say the proposal would immediately rewar d immigrant children with conditional lawful permanent resident status – and, in just a few years, they would become U. S. Citizens. Their criticisms do not reflect how immigration agencies operate immigration reform will be addressed by the Obama administration this year. Republican senators they were ready to announce the outline of a broad immigration reform bill that would include a path to â€Å"earned legalization† for immigrants living illegally in this country.The pros of the dream act is that there are currently 13 to 20 million illegal immigrants in the United States we cannot deport them all but there is a solution The Dream Act will make a difference having a highest portion of graduates by 2020 increasing taxes and the service. Nelger Carrera is a writer of theroundupnews. com he is describing the con of Dream Act. â€Å"He thinks that President Barack Obama gain votes from Hispanics so he could win the presidency. † † (Carrera, 2011,) an arti cle online had a quote from columnist George Will saying that we are importing poverty from other countries.That is why poor people from other countries are coming to United States for the reason that the money they make here is a fortune compared to where they use to live. Illegal immigrants come to U. S. to make or ask for money example welfare, financial aid or any dream act benefits. We all are to benefit from The Dream Act for the reason that the economy will rise for everyone not just immigrants. The Dream Act is a common sense proposal that would benefit not just those who qualify for it but all Americans as these young people they can one day become leaders in our communities, churches, and Nation. â€Å"Five Moral Arguments Against The Dream Act†, Copyright  © Townhall. com. All Rights Reserved. ). Five moral arguments against The Dream Act were, The Dream Act fulfills the parents principle reason for breaking the law in the first place, The Dream Act would touch-o ff an even greater wave or illegal immigration, The Dream Act absolves illegal aliens of their fundamental responsibilities as parents, The absence of a reward or benefit is not the same as a punishment, and Adults have the obligation to do the right thing, even if their parents have done the wrong thing. (Sen. Dick Durbin (D-Ill. There will always be different points of views and opinions on any type of legislation especially when it comes to a controversial topic such as immigration. Pros and Cons to Immigration Reform. As with any debate there are pros and cons to this issue, and immigration reform is no different. According to â€Å"Procon. org† (n. d. ) website â€Å"The top ten areas that create a lot of debate are: Using the term â€Å"illegal alien†, Amnesty, Deportation, Mexican Border Fence, Civilian Border Patrols, Terrorist Threat, Economic Burden, Drivers licenses for Illegal Aliens, Using State and local Law Enforcement vs.National Only, and Border Milit arization. † Two of the areas that we will discuss are Amnesty and Deportation. Amnesty has been a sore spot for many Americans who feel that the undocumented immigrants would get a free pass to becoming citizens. Others feel that due to the volume of people that fit the category of undocumented immigrants, there should be a reform, and Amnesty is an option. On the PRO side of this debate, According to Thornburg (2007) â€Å"Whether you fine illegal aliens or stick them in English classes or make them say a hundred Hail Mary’s, at the end of the day, illegals would be allowed to stay and become citizens. â€Å"That's amnesty, and that's a good thing for America. Amnesty won't depress wages – globalization has already done that. Amnesty will not undermine the rule of law. It sounds counterintuitive, but with immigration, forgiving a crime may be the best way to restore law and order. † (Thornburg, 2007). Amnesty won't necessarily add to the social-services burden. Amnesty would offer millions a fighting chance at self-sufficiency and social mobility. † (Thornburg, 2007). On the CON side: â€Å"Do not grant amnesty to illegal aliens. Regardless of the penalties imposed, any program hat grants individuals who are unlawfully present the legal permission to remain here rewards illegal behavior and is unfair to those who obey the law and go through the regulatory and administrative requirements to enter the country legally. † (Heritage, 2007). â€Å"Those who enter the United States illegally should not be rewarded with permanent legal status or other such benefits, and they should be penalized in any road to citizenship. Those who enter and remain in the country illegally are violating the law, and condoning or encouraging such violations increases the likelihood of further illegal immigration. (Heritage, 2007).In regards to deportation we have heard many positions, especially during the Presidential debates. Governor Romne y wanted for illegal immigrants to â€Å"self deport† meaning make things so difficult for them that they have no choice but to go back to their country. Some of the views on the PRO side, According to (Guzzardi, 2007) â€Å"deporting aliens is as easy as one, two, and three. The next time you hear U. S. President George W. Bush or U. S. Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff say how impossible immigration enforcement is, remember this simple formula: one, go to where you know aliens are; two, arrest them; three, deport them.Don’t bother asking where aliens hang out. † The better question is where they aren’t hanging out. Go to a bus stop, a taco truck, a convenience store, the post office or an auto repair shop. (Guzzardi, 2007). â€Å"No need to round them all up at once. Just arrest one or two every day at different locations around town and the message will soon get out. † (Guzzardi, 2007). On the side of CON: â€Å"I have listened to and understand the concerns of those who simply advocate sealing our borders and rounding up and deporting undocumented workers currently in residence here.But that's easier said than done. † (McCain, 2005). I have yet to hear a single proponent of this point of view offer one realistic proposal for locating, apprehending, and returning to their countries of origin over 11 million people. How do we do that? It would take 200,000 buses extending along a 1700 mile long line to deport 11 million people. That's assuming we had the resources to locate and apprehend all 11 million, or even half that number, which we don't have and, we all know, won't ever have. † (McCain, 2005).The country has been divided for decades, however with the new Immigration Reform initiatives that have unfolded over the past two weeks, it is apparent that President Obama, wants to make a decision on this issue. The politicians are coming together to put a plan together and do what is right for the country. The teams consensus believes in Immigration Reform and we want to see something passed where those that are in this situation, can remain in the United States legally, and that will not tear apart families. We believe we all have the right to a better future and that our country was founded on immigrants.In the pros and cons, the human factor is what persuaded us to be in favor of immigration reform. References Balanced Politics. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. balancedpolitics. org/immigration. htm Carrera, N. (2011, September 28). Con: DREAM Act. theroundupnews. com. Retrieved from http://theroundupnews. com/2011/09/28/con-dream-act/ Department of Homeland Security. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. dhs. gov/immigration- statistics Dream Act 2013. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. dreamact2009. org Five Moral Arguments Against the DREAM Act. (Copyright  © Townhall. com. All Rights Reserved. ).Retrieved from http://townhall. com/columnists/iramehlman/2011/07/01/ five_moral_arguments_against_the_dream_act/page/full Guzzardi, J. (2007). Procon. org. Retrieved from http://www. procon. org Heritage Foundation. (2007). Retrieved from http://www. heritage. org McCain, J. (2005). Procon. org. Retrieved from http://www. procon. org Policymic. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. policymic. com/articles/21399/immigration ProCon. org. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. procon. org Thornburgh, N. (2007). ProCon. org . Retrieved from http://www. procon. org US Immigration Reform. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. usaimmigrationreform. org Immigration Reform Immigration and Immigration Reform Haley Johnson Axia College of University of Phoenix Thesis Statement: More and more immigrants are coming in to the United States each year, and we as a nation should truly reevaluate our immigration policies. Immigration and Immigration Reform The number of illegal immigrants who come into the United States each year is staggering, and the numbers just keep on increasing. Three million illegal immigrants come into the United States every year. (Bush 2009) This has been an increasing problem, and one that greatly affects the United States and its citizens. More and more immigrants are coming in to the United States each year, and we as a nation should truly reevaluate our immigration policies. [pic] Immigration has been responsible for religious changes, cultural change and population growth throughout the history of the United States. The political, economic, and social aspects of immigration have created much controversy in regards to religion, ethnicity, job security, job growth, economic benefits, where people live, not to mention impact on upward social growth, amount of criminal activity, moral values, and work habits. As of 2006, the United States has allowed more illegal immigrants to become permanent residents, more than any other country in the world. (Bush 2009) Some of these reforms can be clearly seen in a study performed by The Center of Immigration Studies. For example in â€Å"1995 immigration costs us a net $29 billion a year. That was more than the combined budgets of the Departments of State, Justice and Interior. ) Those costs include areas such as education, health care, and welfare programs used by immigrants. That estimate would be much higher today, because the wave of illegal immigration has continued unchecked, and legal immigrant admission has continued to grow to a historically high level. † (The center of Immigration Studies 2005) [pic] Illegal immigrants have also placed a strain on our educational system, according to the center of immigration studies (2005), a study was performed in 2004 that stated that taxpayers were spending $28. 6 billion dollars in school and school related coast â€Å"each† year. Costs Table from the October 1996 Huddle Study | |Program (amounts in billion $s) |Legal |Illegal |Total | |Public Education K-12 |$14. 38 |$5. 85 |$20. 23 | |Public Higher Education |$5. 55 |$0. 71 |$6. 26 | |ESL and Bilingual Education |$2. 82 |$1. 22 |$4. 04 | |Food Stamps |$2. 81 |$0. 85 |$3. 6 | |AFDC |$2. 71 |$0. 50 |$3. 21 | |Supplemental Security Income (SSI) |$2. 76 |n/a |$2. 76 | |Housing |$2. 37 |$0. 61 |$2. 98 | |Social Security |$21. 92 |$3. 61 |$25. 53 | |Earned Income Tax Credit |$3. 69 |$0. 68 |$4. 37 | |Medicaid |$11. 3 |$3. 12 |$14. 55 | |Medicare A and B |$5. 49 |$0. 58 |$6. 07 | |Criminal Justice and Corrections |$2. 32 |$0. 76 |$3. 08 | |Local Government |$15. 32 |$5. 00 |$20. 32 | |Other Programs |$18. 41 |$9. 25 |$27. 66 | |Total Costs |$111. 98 |$32. 74 |$144. 0 | |Less Taxes Paid |$82. 38 |$12. 59 |$94. 97 | |Net Costs of Direct Services |$29. 60 |$20. 16 |$49. 76 | |Displacement Costs |$10. 96 |$4. 28 |$15. 24 | |All Net Costs |$40. 56 |$24. 44 |$65. 00 | |Percent of Net Costs |62. 4% |37. 6% |100% | Table By (The center of Immigration Studies 2005) This and other forms of abuse on the U. S have been the topic of much controversy on how this problem should be dealt with. There has been a multitude of different opinions on, how and what we should do at the border. What we should do with immigrants who are currently living in the United States; and how all of these illegal immigrants have impacted the economy of the United States. These are a few of the reforms that former President Bush had proposed so as to slow down the number of illegal immigrants that come into the United States each year. The return and removal of illegal immigrants from the United States is one of the most widely discussed topics. Since 2007the United States Customs and Border Protection (ICE) has returned or removed over 1. 2 million illegal immigrants from the United States. ICE has expanded its Criminal Alien Program to included incarcerated criminal illegal aliens. In 2007, ICE identified 164,296 convicted criminals who were incarcerated in Federal, state and local penitentiaries (These are people who came into the United States illegally and committed a crime. These people were sent back to their native counties once there prison term was completed. There has also been an increase of fugitive teams from 15 in 2005 to 75 in 2007. These â€Å"teams† are sole responsible for removing fugitive aliens from the United States then transporting them back to there native countries. (Bush 2009) Improving border security is another important factor in the Country’s continued efforts in protec ting our borders. More than 85% of apprehended illegal immigrants are from Mexico, most are immediately returned across the border within 24 hours. But there are â€Å"non –Mexican† immigrants that are apprehended and cannot be immediately retuned, those people are given a court date to return (75 percent of those people failed to appear), this is a direct result of there simply not being enough bed space available in the detention centers. Out of 160,000 non-Mexicans last year only 30,000 were, in fact, sent home. (Bush 2009) The United States also faces other immigration challenges, like what to do with illegal immigrants once they are already â€Å"in† the country. After all most of our agricultural farming is done by illegal immigrants. Former President Bush came up with some procedures to regulate the influx of immigrants coming into the United States to perform these labor intensive jobs. By establishing these new persuaders and regulations the agricultural community will still receive the labor it needs to run effectively, thereby reducing the cost and helping our economy prosper. DHS is working on regulations to streamline H-2B Program and to allow X amount of green cards to be given to illegal immigrants and migrant workers, that way they could be more easily tracked. That way the government can collect taxes from them, which will improve our economy, while still allowing the agricultural community to still use seasonal or day laborers. (Bush 2009) Then there is also the fact of illegal immigrants who are already currently in the country. What should be done with them? Former President Bush came up with some more ideas. He had devised a revised Naturalization exam that was completed in September of 2007 and worked to get a free web-based program so immigrant can learn English. This is being completed by the Education Department) Also he had arranged for the Office of Citizenship to provide knowledgeable volunteers to assist illegal immigrants through the citizenship and naturalization process, free of charge. (Bush 2009) Even though all these measures have been put into effect so as to slowdown the amount of illegal immigrants that come in each year though our borders, there are still THREE Million people entering the United States illegally each year. Bush 2009) In 1986 Congress decided to amend the Immigration and control act of 1952. Congress felt the immigration was getting â€Å"out of control† and there needed to be a change, about thirty to fifty percent of the growth in the U. S was due to illegal immigration. So Congress felt that the best way to deal with the problem was eliminate the incentive for people to come into the country illegally, to make it harder for employers to hire illegal’s and for them to receive government benefits. But this tactic seamed futile, since then illegal immigration has just grown. [pic] So what should be done, to lessen the flow of illegal into the United States? And who should be held accountable? President Barack Obama has stated that he wants to improve our immigration System. One of the ways is by giving citizenship to illegal immigrants who have children born in the United States so to allow families to remain together. In addition President Barack Obama plans to remove all incentives for people to cross the borders. President Barack Obama plans to do that by cracking down on employers that are â€Å"knowingly† hiring illegal immigrants. He also has plans to work with Mexico so as to improve their economic growth, there by reducing the need for people to cross the borders illegally, so as to obtain jobs needed to support themselves and there families. (Obama 2009) Times are changing, our county is facing a financial crisis where we can no longer stand by and allow our countries money and recourses to be used up by illegal immigrants. We have to protect our borders; I propose that we spend less money on government â€Å"Bail of money† and we put more money and our recourses into protecting our country. In turn this will help our economic growth, by placing less of a strain on our hospitals ($250 million each year) and our education expenses ($28. 6 billion dollars annually). The government should make it a rule at â€Å"every† undocumented persons receiving these types of benefits should be sent back to their county. Let they own country of origin have to deal with these billion dollar expenses. New Jersey is considered one of the states that have the highest growth in illegal immigration. Every day there illegal’s waiting on the corners to be picked up as day labors. Why dose INS not check more frequently and pick up these â€Å"know† illegal’s? Instead INS and the local police department’s turn a blind eye. INS should make random spot checks in know immigrant communities and business so as to lessen the amount of illegal immigrants that come into the United States. Besides there being an economic drain of the United States illegal immigrants can be a â€Å"security risk† to the U. S. All of the billions of dollars that are being given out to these fortune five hundred companies should be redirected towards our countries security and financial stability. Each year more illegal immigrants come into this country taking away our jobs, not allowing our dollar to circulate within the country, there by not permitting the money to circulate through the United States, as well as placing a finical drain on our country. We as the people of this fine country need to reevaluate what we plan to do about this increasing problem. Decide what can be done and put those thoughts into action. Remember there are THREE million illegal immigrants coming into this country each year (Bush 2009) and over $28 BILLION dollars going towards illegal immigrants, education, medical expenses, and government programs. (The center of Immigration Studies 2005) References Page The White House  (2009) Website has many intrusting new policies about immigration reform. White House. (2009). Immigration. Retrieved May 11, 2009 from http://www. whitehouse. gov The Website Barack Obama (2009) lays out what Barack Obama will do once he pronounced president. Obama, B, (2009). Plan for immigration. Retrieved May 11, 2009 from http://www. barackobama. com Federation for American immigration reform (January 2009) provides statistical and legal issues regarding immigration in the U. S (2009) Immigration. Retrieved May 11, 2009 http://www. fairus. org/site/PageServer? pagename=research_research9605 NA. (2006, June) â€Å"Economy factors into immigration debate. †Ã‚  American City & County  121. 6  . Retrieved May 11, 2009 from General OneFile. Database Rytine, N. (2002, October) â€Å"Effects of Immigration Reform and Control Act legalization through 2001. † , â€Å"Exhibit 1-IRCA Legalization: Temporary Residence, Permanent Residence, and Naturalization through 2001,† in IRCA Legalization Effects: Lawful Permanent Residence and Naturalization through 2001, U. S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved May 11, 2009 Gale Virtual Reference Library Byram, J. (2004, March) â€Å"Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. †Ã‚  Major Acts of Congress. Ed. Brian K. Landsberg. Vol. 2. New York:  Macmillan Reference USA,   2004. 2  pp. 3  vols. Retrieved May 11, 2009 Gale Virtual Reference Library Immigration and Immigration Reform 11 References Page Holland, H. (2008, November)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Government contractors hiring undocumented workers: national security implications and solutions. †Ã‚  Public Contract Law Journal  36. 2  (Wntr 2007):  263(14). Retrieved May 11, 2009 from  General OneFile Database Fennelly,K. (2007, February)†U. S. immigration: a historical perspective. †National Voter 56. 2:4(4) Retrieved May 11, 2009 from General OneFile Database

Plans of Reconstruction

Daniel Ramirez Mrs. Toth Period 2 11/29/12 Plans of Reconstruction During the Civil War was the beginning of the Reconstruction era that took place up until the late 1870’s, which for some was a success but a failure to others. Not only was it a civil rights movement but it also re-created the southern way of life, temporarily divided a political party, broke down another, and affected the nation in ways that would have long-term consequences.Two of the three major Reconstruction plans were that of President Lincoln and Vice President Johnson that both sought to readmit the south as quickly as possible. Lincoln maintained that the political leadership of the South had seceded. His plan did not exclude people like Johnson’s did. President Lincolns plan of reconstruction was light on punishment of the South so that he could reincorporate the Southern section back into the Union.He argued that because of the fact that the government was indivisible secession was politicall y impossible, and that the war was a result of only a small rebellion that violated the authority and laws of the government. With this in mind his design of reconstruction; readmission of each state was based on 10 percent of the voters pledging loyalty to the US knowing that no more than that would be probable which rendered the radical republicans 50 percent demand illogical.Though Lincoln and Johnson’s plan did have similar ideas there were few differences some of which were even seen as illogical, amongst them was the right to grant pardons to the same people that he claimed he wanted to exclude power from. This did not help the reconstruction plan it in fact it irritated Northerners who saw senators of former offices in the Confederacy reclaiming their places in U. S. senates. Under Andrew Johnson's restoration African America’s rights were not safe, as he vetoed the Civil Rights bill.This did not pass since Congress overturned his veto and made the Civil Rights bill an act. Lincoln’s â€Å"10 percent† plan, while perhaps not the greatest for bringing the nation together, was the best for the promoting the principles of freedom and equal rights for all in the newly reformed union. His plan unlike Johnson’s protected the new rights of the African Americans, and provided a balance between the rights of whites and them.Lincoln’s plan also made it easier for states to rejoin the Union, because this was such a very forgiving plan, it was better than Johnsons’. Under Lincoln's Plan, it would be easiest for Confederate states to rejoin the Union, except for the three that were excluded, because the Radical controlled Congress would not permit these states’ representatives to join the federal government. If the nation had agreed to Lincoln's Plan, racism may have been more easily overcome, and the Union would be reunited in a strong bond because of the reprieve granted.

Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Exam - Assignment Example He left politics and became a rancher in Dakotas. He ran for a mayor back home and gained recognition by taking thorough charge of the police in the city. Additionally, he was a leader in the civil service reform at the national level. He energized the republican partybase as a front campaigner of the reelection of President William McKinley on the policies of the gold standard, high tariffs, prosperity at home, imperialism, and victory abroad. It was put forward in 1913, following the enactment of Federal Reserve Act, which was catalyzed by the financial panics, especially lack of a central bank. President Woodrow Wilson, Senator Robert Latham Owen, and Carter Glass were behind the establishment of the system. The act is a federal policy of assimilation that allows Indians into America, and it united with the Christian mission and government-sponsored education programs, incorporating both expansionist and humanitarian ideals. It provided for the transfer of 65 hectares of vacant public land to every homesteader, where a nominal fee was paid after five years of residence, or acquisition of land after residing for six months at $1.25 per acre. Both acts were to cater for the welfare of the citizens. It a policy in foreign affairs requiring that all states have equal industrial and commercial trade rights in china. It came about as a result of the threat felt by the US in commercial interests when the partition of China by Japan and European powers seemed

In what ways do legal responsibility and professional accountability Dissertation

In what ways do legal responsibility and professional accountability differ Be sure to cite current literature in response - Dissertation Example 134). Accountability is described by Daniels (2004) as the act of assuming responsibility for one’s actions, which is an important method to demonstrate commitment to quality client care, thus being accountable for their judgments, decisions, and actions (p. 287). The accountability of a nurse goes beyond the client, and includes the family, colleagues, and the public. Because of the field’s organization, a nurse’s accountability depends upon the hierarchical structure he or she belongs to and the situation itself. Although nursing standards are not law, they possess important legal significance (Springhouse Corporation, 2004, p. 33), thus rendering nurses legal responsibilities. For instance, when a nurse fails to act according to set standards and thus harm the patient, the nurse can be involved in a lawsuit. Once proven that there is neglect or malpractice on the side of the nurse, then he or she is charged according to law. Conclusion The nursing profession n ecessitates both accountability and responsibility, wherein being accountable equates being responsible for one’s actions, and responsibility is congruent to the rightful practice of nursing standards. The two are interrelated and affect each other.

The Success of the Management of Fork and Dagger Pub Essay - 33

The Success of the Management of Fork and Dagger Pub - Essay Example The fact that the business has existed for numerous years makes the renovations as proposed by Jason inevitable. Similarly, narrowing the business’ target market as proposed by Bradley would enhance its operations thus improving the profitability of the company. Mr. Lynch must, therefore, consider the possibility of consolidating the two approaches with the view of enhancing the longevity of the business and quelling the differences between his sons. Renovating the pub will place it in the modern society. The renovation will seek to satisfy the demands of the modern day customer. In renovating and expanding the pub, the management must consider the demands of the modern day customer thus safeguarding such features as convenient and comfortable. As stated earlier, renovating the pub is inevitable. This implies that Mr. Lynch and his two sons must determine the most appropriate ways of renovating the pub thus positioning the business strategy in the modern society. While doing this, the management must narrow the pub’s target market a feature that will enhance the management. In doing this, Mr. Lynch must consider the importance of diversity in enhancing the profitability and longevity of business in the contemporary market. In expanding and renovating the pub, Mr. Lynch can, therefore, develop a section of the pub and permit Bradley to customize it strategically for its LGBT target market. Jason should then manage the other section that targets the general consumer. This way, the business diversifies its services while safeguarding the peace and unity of the two siblings. Such is an appropriate approach that will serve as an effective marketing research and analysis tool that will provide the two sons with the most appropriate trends in the market thus enabling the two to change the structure of their business based on the response of the market.

Participation Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Participation Questions - Essay Example This knowledge can be applied to keep track of current business affairs and to forecast future business activity. Problems arise in everyday life, thus it is not rare that businesses also face problems. The professionals in charge of being the problem solvers in the business world are the managerial staff. Managers have to have good quantitative reasoning in order to be able to take advantage of mathematical techniques to find solutions to different types of business problems. Managers can utilize statistical models to apply monitor quality control. A manager that does not understand the utility of math is an incompetent worker. An analytical technique that is very useful for managers is breakeven analysis. The breakeven analysis helps determine the amount of sales needed in order to achieve zero profits. The sequence used in the trivia includes several variables that are recurrent events. These variables included time, year, and date. As far as the trivia the sequence seems to be a precise event that already occurred, thus I do not believe that the event is going to repeat itself. You are completely right math is something that must be taken seriously by managers due to the large amount of applications in management that are derived from math. As employees we must have basic comprehension of math since it affects our payroll every week. There are numerous deductions that are subtracted from the gross amount in our paychecks. For example every person working in the United States has to pay a 7.65% tax to the social security system. This amount must be matched by the employer. The amount of state and federal tax people pay is varies depending on the amount of income the person generates. People in higher income brackets pay more taxes. I don’t know much about medicine, but when the doctor has order different types of lab tests the results usually have different numbers that have significance. Medical plans use math formulas

Information Security implications of using Java and AJAX Term Paper

Information Security implications of using Java and AJAX - Term Paper Example In fact, information technology based systems are currently more commonly used for business and personal tasks. However, distributed and e-commerce systems and applications normally depend on a wide variety of features and technologies in their realization, comprising scripting languages, web, server side systems, mobile processing and in fundamental database. Additionally, the mixture of these systems and technologies produces a system that necessitates extra concentration regarding various kinds of security and privacy issues and the system all together. In this scenario, in systems working and operations, these issues take place from the interactions of privacy and security arrangements accessible for every component (Lindquist, 2002). This research presents an analysis of the information security implications of using JAVA and AJAX. This research will focus on the security implications of using Java and AJAX, such as how easy/difficult it would be to secure a Java/AJAX applicatio n. This paper will also offer some recommendations for programmers who use Java/AJAX as a programming platform. This research will also present some of the major strengths and weaknesses, common security vulnerabilities and demonstration of findings regarding security and privacy issues. JAVA Programming and Security Issues One of the major software design considerations for the Java based platform is to offer a protected environment for running mobile code. Basically, the Java programming language encompasses its own exclusive set of safety and privacy aspects and challenges. In view of the fact that the Java security structure can defend a client and systems from hostile applications and can be downloaded over a network, hence it cannot protect beside system implementation issues that appear in the trust system code. Additionally, similar issues and bugs can involuntarily open a large number of security holes that the security arrangement was intended to hold, including access to printers, files, microphones, webcams and the network from behind firewalls. In some of the hardest issues local applications can be Java security disabled or executed. Without a doubt, these issues can turn the system into a zombie platform, take secret information from system and web, stop helpful process of the system; spy through linked devices, support additional security based attacks, and a number of other malicious tasks. In addition, the selection of programming language for system developments influences the robustness of a software application. In this scenario, the Java programming language and virtual machine offer a number of characteristics to ease and support common software programming issues and problems. Additionally, the programming language is type-safe, and the run-time offers automatic system memory management

Photography with a Pinhole Camera Research Paper

Photography with a Pinhole Camera - Research Paper Example Therefore, one has to study a variety of books and other available materials to have substantial information regarding the practice of photography. The pinhole camera is one of the ancient equipment used for photography (Sandler 19). Generally, a pinhole camera can be described as a simple that has a single aperture (pinhole) with no lens. This  study  focuses on an  overview of the pinhole camera, its comparison with the human eye, construction procedure and the procedure of shadow catching. Apparently, several studies have revealed that a pinhole camera is the simplest device to use when taking pictures (Daniilidis 39). The practice of constructing and using the pinhole camera gives the student a broad exposure to various disciplines such as the human psychology and light physics. In essence, the student students get the clear picture of photography and its associated challenges and opportunities. It is worth noting that all cameras, irrespective of the level of complexity, rely on a common elementary principle. Moreover, there exist various elements in the field of photography that should be considered in the study of the pinhole camera. For instance, it is important to recognize that the pinhole camera operates just like the human eye. In essence, the components of the pinhole camera and the various parts of the human eye perform similar tasks as discussed in the subsequent paragraphs. Light from the surrounding environment gets to the human eye through the pupil. The amount of light entering through the pupil is regulated by the Iris. In essence, the major role of the iris is to manipulate the size of the pupil in relation to the amount of light. Just like the eye, the pinhole camera operates with the aid of light. Light enters the camera through the aperture. The aperture can be described as a hole that facilitates penetration of light to the camera. The amount of light through the aperture is regulated by a component referred to as the

Motivation based on the Video Case.Dick Learns About Tipping Case Study

Motivation based on the Video .Dick Learns About Tipping - Case Study Example It can either be positive or negative. In the video, Dick Solomon promises the waitress that there is one pile of one dollar bills and calls it ‘potential tip’(stimulant). This indicates that the tip will not just be unleashed for the normal service but for satisfactory service (the desire). He then tells the waitress that if he is pleased, the pile of the tip grows (positive reinforcement). Otherwise if unsatisfied, the pile shrinks (negative stimulus). As the waitress places the drinks on the table, she serves Mary the Dick’s drunk and vice versa. At that point, Dick interchanges the drinks and goes further to penalize the waitress for that mistake as they earlier agreed. The waitress does not know the salad dressings and again the pile shrinks. On bringing the dressings, the first one doesn’t appeal Dick and he goes on to deduct the tip but on tasting the second one, he finds it nice and adds some more bills to the tip. The waitress now more enthusiastic comes with two alternatives of what the two would have for dinner. Dick is dissatisfied by the options and decides to reduce the tip. At that point the waitress reactions show displeasure (the undesirable behavior). The expectancy theory assumes that people will perform better when they believe money will follow effective performance (Spector, p. 235-257). If money has a positive value for an individual, higher performance is expected (the waitress is happy when a tip is proposed). For a staff, outcomes are outcomes that are highly valued and high expectations will direct a person to make greater effort in the task (depicted by the waitress enthusiasm). In this video, Dick’s strategy was not successful. This is depicted where Mary has to come in between Dick and the waitress to be a reconciler. Mary decides to pay the meals as she saw that both Dick and the waitress were unpleased by each other. To increase the success of his attempts to motivate the waitress, Dick could hav e employed the Goal-setting theory of motivation. This theory explains how goal setting importantly relates to job performance. It states that clear and challenging goals with feedback lead to better job performance (Locke, Edwin, & Gary, p388). Goals give direction of what is expected thus indicates the efforts required. In this scenario of Dick, he could have stated from the word go what he specifically wanted. He ordered the drinks well without waiting for the waiter to suggest for him the variety of drinks they served. Similarly, he could have done so for the meal. In so doing, it would have been easier for the waitress to serve them efficiently because the goals are specific, clear, and realistic. The waitress serving her clients was an enough motivator for her to see her clients (Dick and Mary) satisfied. Again, if Dick’s feedback was appropriate as it is advocated for in this theory, the waitress could have served them better. After the waitress mentioned the type of m eal they offered, Dick just rushed to reducing the tip. Instead, he could have explained his displeasure and could have been served well. Tommy and Harry’s behavior was influenced by equity and reinforcement theories. Equity theory advocates the principle of balance, fairness and justice. Ones motivational level is thus measured against his level of perception of equity. In our case, when Tommy is standing he receives tips from two passersby while Harry who is sited receives from one passerby. On realizing this,

Zora Neale Hurston and Her Contributions Essay Example for Free

Zora Neale Hurston and Her Contributions Essay As stated earlier, among the many prominent African American writers that proliferated during the Harlem Renaissance is Zora Neale Hurtson. Her autobiography tells us that it was her mother that urges her to â€Å"jump at de sun, we might not land on the sun but at least we could get off the ground†. On one hand, her father would brainwash her that it won’t do any good for a Negro to have a high spirit for the whites can’t just stand it. Her father even anticipated that Zora’s going to get hanged before she grows old. Her father maybe depicted as passive participant in the Black’s struggle for social liberation. However, it is claimed that he was just inculcating the idea of Southern Survival in his children (Hemenway 14). As a child, she lived a comfortable life at least when her mother was still alive. Her childhood was a relatively peaceful, calm, and wealthy life in a non-racist black community of Eatonville. It was the first all-black American community that was self-governed. It is a community where traditional black American culture survived and flourished. See more: Mark Twains humorous satire in running for governor essay It was said that Eatonville did not prepare Hurtson of the racist America and it was only when she transferred to Jacksonville that she realized there was a thing called racism (Witcover 27). Upon the death of her mother she was sent to Florida to go to school with a brother and a sister, Jacksonville is the very place that she learned that she was â€Å"colored. † When she was no longer supported by her father, she resorted in accepting different jobs such as a maid for the whites and a receptionist among others. Moreover, she worked as a waitress and attended school at Morgan Academy. Later on, she attended Howard Prep to prepare herself for the best university for the blacks in the United States. She continued to read voraciously during these times of her life. Finally, she published her first story in the literary magazine of the school entitled â€Å"John Redding Goes to Sea†. She was discovered by Charles Spurgeon Johnson to write in the Opportunity Magazine. She agreed and submitted her short stories namely â€Å"Drenched in Light†, â€Å"Spunk†, and a play entitled â€Å"Color Struck†. Johnson saw the potential and power in her works that he invited her to go to come to New York and â€Å"make a name for herself (Campbell 2-3). † Opportunity was a major voice in the Harlem Renaissance and her contributions were highly sought by the publishers (Witcover 16). Upon arriving in New York, the Harlem Renaissance is its full swing. in Harlem, there were a number of promising writers, painters, sculptors, musicians, and politicians that are engaged in activities that aimed for the liberation of African Americans against the white supremacy. These activities have been considered as â€Å"unrivaled† in the history of the United States. Among these writers are Hurston, Hughes, Cullen, Mckay. While they are not the first Black American writers that made its way to American literature, they were the first ones â€Å"to be conscious of themselves as black writers who believed that the bridge between the white and the black races depended upon the arts†. Because of their great pride in their black heritage, they established traditions that were followed by other prominent subsequent African American writers in the United States such as Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, and James Baldwin (Campbell 3). Her writings are obviously chronicles of the black life, most specifically the lives of the working and the lower-class people in the rural South in the United States. Her works stand along the vast and rich documentary sources of the black experiences from labor to culture. However, what’s unique with Hurtson’s literary contributions is that unlike her detractor’s way of portraying the blacks which view them vis-a-vis the whites, Hurtson’s style involves the portrayal of the blacks â€Å"in their own terms. † While oppression against the black is palpable during that era and is one of the favorite themes written by most African American writers, Hurtson chose to do away from oppression. She chose to represent and portray what and the blacks are doing and not what is done to them by their oppressors and tormentors. Her style zoomed in to the very nature of black life and examined them as black people that are capable of asserting their identities. Furthermore, her style allowed her to dissect every bit and parcel of the inner world of the African American life which aimed for one and only important thing: self-determination among the blacks (Plant 43). Hurtson depicted the beauty of the black culture by incorporating the experiences of the black people that were considered the underbelly of the black life. She manipulated the white patronage of Harlem Renaissance to her advantage. She is being criticized by her male contemporaries as being primitive in her portrayal of the American life for she has adhered to the stereotypes of black people that the Whites propagated. However, Hurtson also highlighted her criticism towards these perceived conception of the Whites towards the Blacks for she believed that they are incapable of becoming a custodian of the black culture. Moreover, apart from being a place of racial discrimination, Hurtson regarded the South as a place of â€Å"cultural creativity, family, and religion, where everyday life was lived with integrity in the midst of struggle against racial oppression (Patterson 10). † She believes in the experiences of the Southern Blacks as a rich subject in the arts and literature. Each Negro has the right to self-identity despite racist ideologies. This can be done by exploring the complex culture of Southern black towns, and discuss the every day life of black workers, black wives, and black children. Her emphasis on the experiences of the Southern blacks makes her portrayal of the African-American life even more real (Patterson 12-13). Eatonville is the most important geographic landmark in most of her short stories and novels. It was the town where she grew up and her father serving as a mayor. As a child, she grew up hearing stories in the porch of Joe Clarke’s, both the porch and the stories are retold by Hurtson in her fiction (Campbell 15). When it comes to the characters of her short stories and novels, they â€Å"are not only heroic, often fighting great odds, but they also demonstrate growth. [†¦] Hurtson’s protagonists are always in a state of becoming. They became capable of looking inside themselves in order to discover thei place in the world around them. Often they struggle against what they should become (Campbell 14). † For instance, â€Å"Sweat† is a story of a typical Negro life in Eatonville as many of her stories setting. It chronicles the experiences of Delia and her marriage to her husband Sykes. Their married life has always been in a downhill. At the onset, Delia has always been tortured and abused by Sykes. Secondly, Sykes has been seeing other women and has been maintaining a concubine. While it was Delia who sweated and earned for their survival, Sykes was still very ungrateful. He even plotted to kill her and get rid of her so he can live in her house with her concubine. In the end, he failed and Delia was able to take avenged against his abuses and tortures. On a deeper level, it romanticizes the theme of male domination over women and the feminine power that transcends all kinds of struggles. It highlights the strength of a woman through Delia’s ability to support herself and her husband despite his infidelity and brutality against her. This is just a mundane story of the Negros in a black community. It doesn’t in any way talk about oppression done by the whites. It just talks about two characters that are authentic in themselves that can stand as an embodiment of a typical Negro life. This is Hurtson’s way of asserting the African-American identity beyond any comparison and approximation of the superiority of the Whites. This is Hurtson’s way inculcating self-determination among the African-Americans who for a long time thought of themselves as subordinate to the Whites and the Europeans. By celebrating their experiences as unique, the blacks were able to believe in the beauty of their heritage and to find joy in their identities. Apart from being a black writer that is obviously aware of the African American’s sensibilities regarding black oppression and subordination, she is also an anthropologist. As Hemenway noted, Anthropology is an advantage for Zora for her to understand her deeper cultural roots. Her experiences of African American life plus her great understanding of the nature of their traditions and practices made her portrayal of the black experiences more poignant and authentic. In a particular instance, she understood the â€Å"richness and mutilayered meanings of the oral tradition† and â€Å"the creativity and imagination of black language and story telling (Campbell 4). † As a student of Franz Boa, Hurtson learned to appreciate and see the cultural wealth and legacy of her community more fully. By her skill, knowledge, and understanding of the nuances of African American, she strived to prove that the native Black Americans experiences and arts has both genius and authenticity that is traceable to the Africans and not the Westerns. Her fieldworks armed her with all the needed knowledge to prove to the Whites and the elitist Black Americans that their deeply-rooted culture is beyond to what the Whites has imposed on the Blacks (Plant 41). Her writings are best known as folklorism. In this style of writing, one exhibits the peculiarities of their cultures and traditions (Grinker 390). In her stories, Hurtson incorporates myths, legends, customs, practices and allegories that are uniquely and authentically African-Americans regardless of the Western’s criticism of their practices as backward. It is Hurston’s way of asserting Black’s way of life in its purest form. Apart from being a brilliant writer and chronicler of the Black’s experiences, Hurtson’s writings are also concern with the struggle of women in their search for emancipation against the issues of gender and race. She acknowledged the violence that is present among the lives of African American women but at the same time she criticizes the male domination that caused this violence. This was a â€Å"bold position† during those times where only a few writers like Hurtson can do among many other African – American writers (Patterson 8). She obstructed the perceived notion of women as oppressed and helpless as commonly portrayed in American Literature. She is known for her depiction of nonstereotypical black women such as rendering them as strong and courageous. As seen in the abovementioned example, Delia was the victor from the beginning up to the end. While she is being tortured and beaten up by her husband, she survived. While she is being emotionally battered by her husband, she endured. While she is being threatened to death by her husband, she avenged herself. Another example would be Janie in Their Eyes Are Watching God is one of the earliest American women â€Å"to develop cultural and personal identity (Champion 166). † However, this feminist stance of Hurtson was not immediately recognized during the period. Her intellectual ideologies have been given little attention at the time for the reason that there was still a palpable exclusion of Black women’s thoughts in the intellectual discourse of that era (Plant 2). She has been criticized by Richard Wright as having no interest in serious fiction. He said that Hurtson just continued to propagate the tradition that was forced upon the Negroes in her stories and novels which makes the Whites laugh. Wright wrote about blacks that resist the supremacy of the Whites but then Hurtson is the opposite. She wrote about the nakedness of the Blacks in such a beautiful manner and in such a colourful manner. The Black people’s nakedness, according to her, is not something that should be suppressed and forgotten. She believes that it should be accepted as part of the frontier spirit that defines each African American in a black community (Patterson 33-34). Her â€Å"ultimate moral stance is not only to absolve whites, past and present, of any wrong doing, but also to claim some value in the experience of enslavement†. She emphasized the fact that despite â€Å"the cruelty and moral wrong of slavery†, the Blacks still maintain a materially, intellectually, morally, and religiously strong and hopeful condition. Her writings do not dwell in the cruelties of the past and the cruelties of slavery and enslavement among the Blacks, she focused in the present, and celebrated the character that the Blacks developed and adopt in the course of the oppression. She wrote on how their lives have become after the enslavement and how they have maintained their culture in tact and unique among any other nation. She created some distance in the past that made a room in the understanding of the present. Too much contemplation in the past is a hindrance to the Black’s Present endeavours. The idea is to â€Å"settle for from now on (Plant 41). † Hurtson was able to â€Å"resist and subvert cultural hegemony because of a powerful worldview†. This is traceable to her individualistic worldview Washington’s theory of self-help, industry, and personal responsibility; her anthropological study under Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict among many others. All these contribute to an unwavering philosophy of individualism that help her survive the palpable racism bombarded towards the Blacks. These are also the contributing factors that developed her strength and will to resist negative controlling images and overcome Anglo-American hegemony. Her individualistic stance enabled her to engender an autonomous self that is necessary in the negotiation of hostilities in the community that she lived in along with all other African-Americans in the United States (Plant 4) Her philosophy of individualism is deeply rooted from the African-American folk ethos as a â€Å"fundamental site of resistance. † She understood the importance of the African American culture’s role in the emancipation of the African American people as an individual and as a community. She emphasized the idea of cultural survival as an important ingredient liberation and cultural appreciation as an important process in decolonization among the African Americans. She believed that the answer towards liberation lies in the African American culture and traditions themselves. To reclaim the Black life is to resist the Anglo-American domination and this can only be done by romanticizing the importance self-definition and self-emancipation among the Blacks (Plant 4).

Film Festival Essay Example for Free

Film Festival Essay Houston, TX (Mar. 18, 2009) —The 2009 WorldFest-Houston proudly presents Food Fight as part of its award-winning documentary side bar. Food Fight is a fascinating look at how American agricultural policy and food production developed in the 20th century, igniting a California food movement that sparked a tasty, counter-revolution. The documentary dishes up topics including sustainable produce, farmers markets, school lunch programs and inner-city gardens. It’s a savvy, fast-paced investigation that chronicles the life and times of ‘slow foods movement’ pioneer Alice Waters and her landmark restaurant, Chez Panisse, which transformed an industry based on profits into a market based on wholesome flavor. Food Fight is a riveting, smart romp through the historic rise of the Organic foods trend. This culinary adventure cooks up a clever insider’s view of how the nation’s plates are forsaking processed filler foods for homegrown, healthy produce. Chefs Alice Waters, Wolfgang Puck and Suzanne Goin are featured. If you’re interested in the origins of America’s flavorful farmer’s market revolution, you can check out Food Fight which will screen during the WorldFest-Houston Film Festival’s run, April 17-26, at the AMC 30 Dunvale (2949 Dunvale, Houston, TX 77063). Enjoy the newest feature film from food activist and screen director, Chris Taylor, who will be available after the viewing to discuss the film’s highlights! WorldFest Houston, founded in 1961, is the third oldest Independent film festival in the United States. This annual event has evolved into a competitive Independent International film festival showcasing the rising stars of tomorrow. This year’s 42nd Annual WorldFest (April 17-26, 2009) will feature: 50 award-winning Indie films, 100 superb short films, 450 Indie filmmakers from around the globe, 6 Master Classes/Film industry seminars, 1 Grand Awards Gala Cocktail Reception with the filmmakers and a Closing Day Regatta/Barbecue VIP NASA/Space Center Houston Tour. Tickets are $6 for a single matinee (films before 6 pm) or $10.00 per single  evening admission and range upward based on packages that customers purchase. Film Buff $100, Silver Screen $150 and ultimate VIP Platinum Pass $500. Check www.worldfest.org for details. Tickets will be available mid-March online and up to theatre- capacity at show time at the Cinema Box Office. All films, seminars and events are open to the public. Opening Night Prices ~ $20 per person for Film Program book. $30 per person for Film, Program book and Champagne Reception at Renaissance Hotel after the film

Case Study Bodegas Torres Commerce Essay

Case Study Bodegas Torres Commerce Essay Bodegas Torres is a Spanish wine factory created in 1870 by two brothers, Jaime and Miguel Torres. The company gave priority to quality and innovation. After the two brothers died, it was the turn of Miguels son, Juan, to run the company. He started to product brandies which was the first innovation of the company. In 1932, Miguel, Juans son, succeeded to his father after his death. With the help of his wife Margarita, Miguel worked hard to reduce his lack of experience regarding wine. Since 1870, five generations of the Torres family were able to make a place among the wine world. The first modest operation, located near the Vilafrance Penedà ¨s appellation Penedà ¨s in Catalonia, has quickly made a name and reputation despite heavy events (phylloxera crisis, civil war). Subsequently, the Bodegua Torres took possession of other vineyards in the appellations of Conca de Barbera, Toro, Jumilla, Ribera del Duero, Priorat and more recently in Rioja. However, it was not until 1979 that Miguel Torres decides to acquire a small area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹100 hectares in the Curico Valley in Chile. Descendant of Jaime Torres, so he moved between the valleys of Colchagua and Maule, south of Santiago, becoming the first investor in Chiles wine industry. Since then, the area has flourished and is now 445 hectares. Miguel Torres has also exported its wine to the United States, California, where he founded in 1986 Marimar Estates.. Marimar Torres, his sister , about her adventure in California where she managed the first Marimar Estate Vineyard in 1986. Over time, the small family business has turned into an empire, while still retaining its prestigious reputation and the exceptional quality of its products. Over the years, the company was rewarded at many times for its products like in 1979 (winner of the Great Wine Marathon) or in 1991 (gold medal received for the Milmanda Wine). Every year, the company gets a medal for one of its products. The most recent one is in 2011 (Gold medal received for the De Casta 2010 at Mondial du Rosà © 2011). The Strategy of the company The first strategy of the company was to sell high quality price at a high price because people associate quality with price. But over the years, the company tried to change this image and offered to its customers acceptable quality wine at a moderate price. It is obvious that Bodegas Torres is still producing high quality wine but you can find all the type of wine you want according to your budget. After having strengthen its position in Spain, the company went abroad and started to export its products in several countries. Products are characterized by a commitment to the family, the love of the vine and its fruit that has passed from generation to generation to become one of the most important wineries, which meant it became a company export represented in more than 140 countries. The first exports of the company date back to the 40s, and have continued to grow since then. The group closed the year 2010 with a C. A. EUR 205 million, an increase of 11.5% compared to 2009. This resu lt is mainly due to the increase in exports, which ranks the top wine producers exporting Spanish sparkling wine not alone in AOC. Torres exports represent 72% of sales. The latter increased to countries such as Finland, Canada, Norway and Russia. But the real breakthrough for the group occurred in China. After 30 years of commercial, wine sales to that country rose 40% in 2010. The group became the first company that distributes wine directly. China Torres charged in the last year 16.16 million EUR. As an example, the group sold under their brand of wine Mas La Plana, 1000 cases of 12 bottles in China, with a production of 10,000 cases. In 1997, the company signed for the establishment of a Joint-Venture in China with the   Zhangjiakou Great Wall Torres Winery Co. Ltd. Torres group is also known for its innovations. The alcohol-free wine is one of its flagship products that perfectly matches the new fashion market for aesthetic and health, according to the Chairman of the group. The research department of the company is very active and successful. The company always tries to find better ways of production or new products that may be a good fit for new customers. The structure of the company The company Bodegas Torres has always tried to change its structure according to the market, the trend and changing environment. Managers always thought that each department had to be run by an expert in his area. Many of the executives have started their career within the company which allow them to acquire a good experience of the products and the market. But the competition of the market is fierce and the company had to hire a more professional staff with university degrees. In order to adapt its management strategy, the company was restructured in 1991 with the aim of setting up responsibilities and level of hierarchy. But according to employees and executives, this restructuration was too confusing. After a meeting with all the executives, the company found out that there was a lack of communication between several departments and that some responsibilities were not clearly defined. To fix the situation, Bodegas Torres defined very clearly the different department which are the following ones: The production department: wine production and in charge of the vineyard. The wine and the brandy are divided by sections of the production process. Each member of the team has a clear task. The administrative and financial department: divided into smaller divisions like accounting, treasury and management control, this department is responsible for the control of investments, payments and more. The human resources department: very important for the company, this department is in charge of training as well as payroll. This department aims at keeping the employee updated to new processes or more. The organization and system department: created in 1993, this department has a role of control regarding processes and internal auditing. The marketing department: divided into smaller divisions like sales, exports and public relations, this department is taking care of the companys customers wherever they are in the world. We can easily say that the company has been able to define a clear structure in order to ensure a better communication between departments. The corporate culture The company benefits from a strong corporate culture based on family values and has been transmitted from generation to generation and is very important for the well-being of the company. The corporate culture of the company can be summarize in several points: A strong history: the company has been created in 1870 and is producing wine since then. So it has been more than two centuries that the Torres family has been working on the same products. Each member of the family has been an executive or a manager. Bodegas Torres went through many difficulties like the civil war but the company is still operating. A culture of authenticity: like we said in the previous point, the company produces wine for the past two centuries. They can be called expert in wine producing. They developed their own process of production and care about the quality of their products. Everyone in the company share values of knowledge and quality. The family experience: the Torres family is running the company since its creation. The management is based on these values. Everything is done to keep the family business on. Even if the company sets up objectives, communication and respect are two values that workers have to remember each day. The social responsibility: respecting the environment is very important especially because their raw materials are seeds and earth. The company has developed its own label in order to show its customers that the family cares about the environment as well as its employees. Bodegas key challenges This part of the paper is about identifying the challenges or problems that the company may or will face in the future. With the increasing globalization of economic activities and the introduction of the European single market for the free movement of goods and services, employees and shareholders, business leaders, whether multinationals or exporters are increasingly faced with the demands of international management, which is necessarily accompanied intercultural management. Multicultural Management and diversity Bodegas Torres knows very well the notion of exportation and deals with it in a very efficient way. Usually speaking, when a company wants to develop its international business, it is often necessary to relocate its production, management and marketing. To do this, the company develops foreign subsidiaries, and the problem of cultural differences appear between the employees of the subsidiary, which are mostly native and parent, which is managed by nationals. The main difficulty encountered by these multinational companies is the harmonization of the various business practices. A subsidiary established abroad together different personalities, different language. It is essential to understand how management organizes in a subsidiary. The company has an entity in California, in China and in Chile which implies specificities in terms of values. In order to identify the differences, we will use the Hofstede model based of 4 criteria which are: Power Distance: When it is high, it means, for H, the main characteristics following: the power is a social base, and the economic and social relations are marked by inequality and dependence. Individualism versus Collectivism: Individualism, in contrast to the sense of community is marked by the importance of personal responsibility, individual initiative and respect for privacy, strictly distinguished professional life. Individual interests are privileged in the functioning of organizations. Masculinity versus Femininity: Masculinity is characterized by the following: assertiveness, lack of modesty, the emphasis on success, money and external image, ambition and the desire for personal fulfillment. In opposition, femininity means in particular the emphasis on the relational harmony, rather than assertiveness: femininity is the search for consensus and harmony, the importance of human relationships. Uncertainty Avoidance: It means the willingness to risk guarantee, which can be expressed by the elements following: anxiety of the future, fear of change and difference, preference for stable and rigid structures, and possibly for the gerontocracy, the concern establish procedures clear, precise and detailed to avoid hazards. This criteria will be applied to Spain, United States and China in order to better understand the cultural differences which may help us to highlight management threats but also opportunities. Spain Power Distance: with a score of 57 points, the power distance is relatively high. It mean that the hierarchy is respected by workers and that it is permitted to get advantages if you have a high position. It is important for employees to get feedback from their boss in order to keep their motivation high. Individualism versus collectivism: with a score of 51 points, it means that, contrary to its European colleagues, Spain is based on collectivism. Teamwork is really important for Spanish workers and almost natural. It is easier for them to be motivated when they work with other people as a team. Masculinity versus femininity: the score of 42 points means that companies and employees are not motivated by competition, achievement and success  [1]  . Children are taught to care about others and to always search for a consensus. It is important for Spanish managers to get feedback from its subordinates in order to make decisions and to improve the work environment. Uncertainty avoidance: the score of 86 means that the country doesnt like uncertainty. People like to have rules, and the changes lead to stress. It is important for Spanish people to respect rules because they work as a reference for every type of situation. United States of America Power Distance: with a score of 40 which can be considered as  «Ã‚  low  Ã‚ », United States is based on equal rights and freedom. Unlike Europe, the hierachy is the the same. Even if managers are weel-defined in the organization, they are always accessible. Feedbacks from bother managers and employees are important. Individualism versus collectivism: with a high score of 91, we can easily say that the United States is an individualist country. It means that people have to work for themselves, care for themselves and also for relatives. There is no we in the American society but mainly I. In business, employees have to be reliable and autonomous. Masculinity versus femininity: with a score of 62, the country can be seen as masculine. The main value that is taught in school and appreciated in business is always go for the best or always try your best. American people live to work because their life depend on it. Uncertainty avoidance: with a score of 46, we can say that American people are not afraid of changes and may consider them as challenges. American workers like new idea and are opened to changes in their work environment. China Power Distance: with a score of 80, we can say that in China, inequalities are acceptable. Also, the notion of hierarchy is very strong which imply an important respect of superiors. Everyone should stay at is place and there is no room for initiatives. Individualism versus collectivism: with a low score of 20, we can say that China is a strong collectivist country. People think a lot about others like colleagues or relatives and after they think about themselves. But the score also mean a weak commitment to the company they work for. Masculinity versus femininity: with a score of 66, we can say that China is a masculine society. Work and success is really important and many people may sacrifice their families to get advancement in their work. Uncertainty avoidance: with a low score of 30, Chinese people are used to uncertainty. One of the biggest one is the language which is full of ambiguities. Moreover, Chinese workers are very entrepreneurial which is a good asset for their country. Bodegas Torres has entities in these countries are will face difficulties in the management. It is difficult to deal with different employees expectations, rules and feelings. Managers have to adapt their management strategies in order to get the best of their employees. The relationship between the employees and the company has to be strong in order to be successful. Each entities must follow Bodegas Torres values but adjust its way of doing things to the country. Corporate culture and globalization As we said before, Bodegas Torres benefits from a strong corporate culture. Basically, a corporate culture can be defined as the specific elements that explain the basics of how an entity works. It is, in a sense, a by-product of national culture and therefore a set of valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹, myths, rituals, taboos and symbols shared by the majority of employees. Corporate culture is a key variable to explain the daily life and the strategic choices made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹by business. The key challenge for the company here is whether staying a family business or going global. A Family Business Bodegas Torres has always been a family business. In terms of ownership it means that there is a focus on the interest of the company which is owned by the family. People are really passionate for the company and want to work hard to make it more successful. It implies, obviously, a high level of motivation. As a family business, the knowledge and secret know-hows can be highlighted and promoted in order to keep the brand image strong. Being a family business also means that profits are re-invested in the company and not given to shareholders or other stakeholders. In terms of HR Management, we can say that a family business is focused on a good communication system and a higher level of motivation. Communication is very important and if people talk to the other as family members, it is easier to communication without fear of hurting someone or more. Moreover, people working for the family business have a better understanding of the background which generate a higher commitment. To finish with HR, a family business may answer several of the Maslows needs theory. Being a family business is also a benefit in terms of positioning. Bodegas Torres products are high quality and the brand image is strong because the family owns the vineyard. Over the years, the company won many awards and medals for its products and it may seem difficult for new employees to understand this culture. Regarding the finance, the situation of the company is good as it is and both in operating and financial activities. Moreover, expansion is compatible with a family management strategy. The company has all the key to keep its success up but there is also an opportunity to go global. Going Global There are a lot opportunities to go global for a business such as Bodegas Torres. If we analyze the strengths of the company we can see that its growth strategy was a success so far and that it financing situation in good. The company also created a marketing department which will allow the company to better understand the market and offer an appropriate answer to customers needs. In terms of opportunities, the wine market is changing. In 2011, the United States has become the largest consumer of wine in the world ahead of Italy and France, according to a study conducted for Vinexpo Asia Pacific, the exhibition of wine and spirits to be held from May 29 to 31 in Hong Kong. The United States is in first place in the volume consumed (28 million hectoliters to 311.3 million cases of 12 bottles), with an expected growth of around 10% between 2011 and 2015, according to the study conducted in partnership with ISWR the British cabinet. The market is changing a people tend to see wine in a different way and not as a French specificity anymore. The companys new structure enables an internationalization because other companies like competitors are working the same way. The efficiency is higher because all tasks and responsibilities are well defined. Moreover, the RD department is a competitive advantage that the company must use in order to launch new products on the market on a regular basis. Bodegas Torres is facing a choice that will affect its structure and future. The company has to analyze both opportunities in order to make the right decision. We can consider that both choices are opportunities. Intercultural Management and Motivation Motivation is the set of factors determining the action and behavior of an individual to achieve a goal or perform an activity. It is the combination of all the reasons conscious or unconscious, collective and individual, that encourage the individual to act in a team. This is one of the challenges of the managerial function. In our case, the problem is how to motivation people if they dont have the same drivers. It is important first to analyze the needs of employees wherever they are from. For that we can use the Maslows theory. It offers a systematic approach to the needs of the working man and prioritizes different levels in a pyramid. Maslow believed that human behavior is dictated by the needs, man is instinctive, biological and fundamental. Five groups of needs are distinguished: physiological needs, the need for safety, ,the need for social, the need for esteem, the need of self-actualization. According to the country, people will give a different priority to the needs. It is the role of managers to understand this dimension. Beside Maslows work, we can find that Herzberg also worked on the motivation. He connects the motivation and satisfaction at work and uses a common assumption in all theories of need: the unfulfilled need is motivation. Herzberg distinguish two kinds of needs: those that are common to all living beings and those that are specific to humans. Only the latter are a source of motivation, hygiene needs, as soon they are fulfilled they reduce dissatisfaction and are therefore more motivating. Some examples of hygiene needs would be supervision, inter-personal relations, money, status or security. According to this theory, Bodegas Torres should be design a specific management strategy for overseas in order to create a safe and good work environment. Another important point, which is common to all countries is how the work is rewarded. The same rewards do not seem to motivate the same way. Everyone has a clear idea of what constitutes a just reward for his work. It determines what is right by comparing it brings (qualification, effort, experience) and it receives (status, salary) that others provide and receive. When he feels inequality (more or less) between the contributions from its rewards and of those to whom he compares himself, he tries to reduce because it produces a feeling of frustration or guilt either. Every country has its own system of reward and managers should be careful to equity. For example in the united states which is an individualist society, the reward wont be the same as in Spain which is a collectivist country. Recommendations Regarding our analysis, we have few recommendations for Bodegas Torres in order to deal with the globalization and its effects. Analyzing every culture they work with. The Hofstede model is really useful to understand the different cultures around the world. Understanding a culture helps to understand people you work with. It is important to for managers to understand a culture so he can behave in a proper way and dont do any mistake that could lead to a conflict. People dont react the same way depending on the country and a new management strategy has to be designed in order to lead teams in an efficient way. Keeping the family business Many companies try to go global because they see opportunities of growth and reduced costs. But higher costs are not systemically bad. The family business of the Torres family is profitable and its financial situation is healthy contrary to many other firms who rely on debts. Moreover, the brand image which is highly appreciated and well-known will suffer from an over-internationalization. Creating a motivating work environment by analyzing needs in every country A motivating work environment is a competitive advantage over competitors. If employees are motivated and committed to the company, their work will be better and the company will benefit from it. In order to do so, managers and executives must analyze the needs of employees and try to link them to the companys objectives. Gathering people around ethic and values The better way to gather people is to make them share specific values or even a corporate culture. Employees must put their differences aside and focus on the common culture. The company may use the history of the Torres family as an example. Conclusion