1960’s course work the Beatles

Source A can tell us many things about the impact of the Beatles in the 1960's; they were considered new fresh and an extremely â€Å"cool† band. They were a nation wide love, everyone seemed to be watching then as their first priority, with shops and stalls all closed when the Beatles were on television. Even in rush hour, when many people were normally trying to make their way home or get to their destinations, the streets were deserted, everyone knew where and what time the Beatles were playing. It was as though the nation was put on to pause when the Beatles were about to perform. Joanna Lumley herself remembers being in a hurry to get home in order to not miss the Beatles playing on TV. The fans watched eagerly as though the Beatles were a drug many people were addicted to. The Beatles seemed to have caught every ones hearts and eyes; they had a new approach to music which seemed to be able to attract almost everyone. Many people saw the Beatles as icons; they were ‘cool, hip, smart, lippy, charming and funny.' Definite icon qualities attractive to the young and the general public felt they could relate to them, often being called by their first names. The Beatles new approach to music , however , was not only loved by the public but was also highly influential in the entertainment and music industry providing inspiration to many bands and changing the face of music forever. For some people the 60's was seen to be the best times of the life's due to the new entertainment and what the Beatles brought in the way of fresh new music -‘it was very heaven to be alive'. Question 2 The effects of pop music in the 1960's are shown in source A, B and C, however all in slightly different ways. Source C is a description of a Beatles concert by Paul Macartney in 1984, he talks of there being a lot of screaming- therefore implying more screaming than in 1984, when people must have been more held back and more reserved than the 60's when at concerts seeing the live bands fans went crazy for seeing their star. This point was supported by source B, a description of a concert at which the stones were playing. However the audience is described a ‘maniacal, screaming mob'. They both talk of an extremely load and energetic crowd. However Paul Macartney believed many people exaggerated the crowds so they seemed like a manic mob when all they really wanted was to see their idols and the possibility of getting an autograph. It seems Macartney really knows what he is talking about and comes across as being nice and genuine to his fans talking of him chatting to his fans instead of running away from them in the manner of Jonny Ray. The way the Beatles were with their fans, being so friendly and willing to talk to them, may have been one of the reasons why the Beatles became so big. Source A really supports this fact, and tells us a lot of how big and popular they really were describing it as though they were everyone's purpose to get home when they were performing on television. Source A does support source C on this point however I don't think it supports it in any other way. Source B on the other hand doesn't really support source C as they are extremely contradictory about what is said about the effects of pop music on fans being harmful or just very enthusiastic. Macartney knew that the fan crowds were completely harmless and controllable. Where as some stars such as the stones saw them as being dangerous, when all they really wanted was to be as close as possible to their pop star. The sources were all written some time after the 1960's period, leaving time for exaggeration, source B is written closer to the 1960's than sources A and C, and to me seems to be less likely to be exaggerated and more truthful about the facts and information that is given to us in the source. Although the sources do support each other on certain aspects, they don't really give us a broad view of the effects of pop music in the 1960's telling us very little apart from how big some bands were and how the fans reacting to them. Question 3 Sources D and E are not particularly useful in helping you to understand why many young people believed that the 1960's gave them opportunities they had never had before. I think that the source were not particularly useful as they tell us only one aspect of young peoples lives at the time. However source D, and advert fro a popular music show ‘Ready, Steady, GO' in the TV times in 1965 does tell us some useful points. The presenter, Cathy McGowan, was at the time an extremely popular model and an idol for many girls in Britain. They would copy her hair styles and dress sense. So fro many people it was the one show to see if u had an idol as they were likely to be shown on this show. It was the only show at the time which showed the public their music stars performing without them having to go to a concert. People were fanatical about seeing the show, it was compulsory viewing and the one and only time in the week the public got to hear and see popular music. Although very popular the show tended to represent older tastes in music and did not cater fro teenagers. The source is good in showing that music and popular culture had a great impact upon how people viewed television and how celebrities became real stars, and were able to become idolised by the young. Source E, a description of radio in the 1960's, was written in the 1990's and there fore like some of the other source has the possibility of being exaggerated. However the source does tell us some useful point whether exaggerated or not. Radio before the 1960's did not cater to the teenage audience and the source implies that many teenagers had nothing much to listen to that was provided on the radio for them, before the invention of ‘Radio Luxembourg'saying that many teenagers were stuck with their parents. The new channel provided precisely what the young wanted, and because of that, would have been extremely popular providing a channel that played popular new music which no other radio station had done before. It was a great opportunity in the eyes of the young and the channel which was specifically directed towards them played nothing but pop music and was very commercial, the older generation were not so fond of it. But it helped music to become a much more dominant talking point for the young. Even thought reception was dismal and faded out every minute or so it was the only way to hear pop music on the radio at the time and many people now remember it fondly. The two sources both support the fact that music and celebrities were more broadcast and that for them was a huge opportunity, however neither of them tells us anything of other aspects of opportunity in teenagers' lives and are therefore not very useful in helping us to understand why many young people believed they had more opportunities. Question 4 The 1960's was a period of great changes, some for the better and others consider by some people for the worst. Some people did not like the changes that occurred and came to see the 1960'd as a period of bad influences on British society. Source F is part of an article from the Daily Mail, a conservative newspaper, reflecting right-wing political views. This shows how Mrs Whitehouse had traditional views and values and it is portrayed in the article that she was not pleased by the changes in the 1960's. The source talks about Mrs White house launching ‘a national campaign' to help writers who she believed deserved to have their work shown on television rather than the television shows she obviously disapproved of such as ‘Coronation Street' which started on ITV in the 1960's and showed everyday life. She obviously believed many programmes unsuitable to viewers and thought that they should be replaced with more Christian viewed programmes, replacing the scenes of sex, drugs and violence with more traditional valued programmes. Mrs Whitehouse would have also been a different generation, a teenager in the 1920's with less power than that of the teens of the 1960's.the 1920's were different for social Values, with a far more traditional type of society were teenagers had less freedom of expression and more responsibilities. In source G we are told of a singer, Janis Joplin who was extremely popular and at a time where music played an important part in social life popular singers were idolised. Many bands at the time were taking drugs, drinking, and staying out late in popular clubs and at the time there was a huge drug culture. Many other bands and musicians such as the top Mod band, The Who, wrote and performed what appeared to be socially dangerous music. They were also part of the ‘Psychedelia movement', encouraging experimentation with drugs. It was these people , Janis Joplin and The Who , which the young idolised and had great influence over, to people like Mrs Whitehouse they were bed role models and set the scene of drugs to seem ‘cool' and acceptable. Although Janis Joplin was a worse case scenario, she died of a drug over dose this at least showed teenagers the problems of drugs. Teenagers appeared to be following in their idols footsteps and it somewhat seemed as tough they were being encouraged to be rebellious and have freedom of expression rather than have responsibility and obligation. Many saw the introduction of the contraceptive pill and the legalisation of abortions as an increase in sexual immorality and were seen with disaprovement. The combined effect of the pill and abortion however did allow women to plan their lives with more ease and effectiveness. They could then limit the number of children and decide when they wanted them. This provided many women with more control over their lives. However Mrs Mary Whitehouse would have and I am sure did believe that they would encourage immorality and sex before marriage which were both against the Christian beliefs. Some also believed that it could lead to a break down of social values. Some people began to believe that these changes were not a good thing for society, and that the changes were undermining the family and as a result creating a weaker society, it would have been people such as Mrs Whitehouse who would have seen things in this way, people who believed in more traditional views and values. Whether this is correct I do not know, however even though something's such as drugs were more than likely a bad influence on society, without many of the changes the world would have become a very different place and women would possibly lead very different lives. Things such as the pill and abortion were definitely in my opinion great movement in science and a huge advantage fro women, however I can see why people with Christian views were opposed to it and how they later become to se the 60's as a period of bad influences with a higher rate of teenage pregnancies it is possible to blame it on the changes and a possible increase in sexual immorality. I think that many people who thought it was a period of bad influence were possibly mostly the older generation – Mrs Whitehouse's generation who felt afraid of the dramatic change in society and the behaviour of the young in the 1960 in comparison to their day. They would have also been the right age to have children of teenage to twenties who would have been experiencing all the changes the society now allowed them. Such as drugs and even dramatic changed in fashion with the introduction of the mini skirt, a huge thing at that time to be wearing a skirt 8 inches above the knee and it was so new and different. For many people change is scary and this was a period of huge change some good some bad however it is always easy to look back and see only the bad and not what was good from the 60's also. Question 5 The quote ‘Popular culture in the 1960's did more harm than good' I believe to be untrue. The 1960's did have some bad points which were possibly bad at that in that period and have not continued through to this day whereas most of the good things that were brought about in the 1960's such a new fresh exciting music ‘rock ‘n' roll' and new bands such as the Beatles, the new fashions and social ways of life have been continued and adapted to the way of life which we lead nowadays. The 1960's was highly dominated by teenagers, they had more money from a new affluence and were able to buy more music records and clothing and were respected by the entertainment industry (source H) for what they did for music and television. Source A tells us of ‘Beatle Mania' the Beatles were one of the most popular bands and were highly influential upon teenagers and the music industry. Source A is useful in telling us the extent of the effect of the Beatles upon the general public and how popular they really were. However the source is possibly exaggerated as the writer Joanna Lumley looks back on her past. I believe the public chose the Beatles to be their number one band because of their sheer personality on and off stage, but was equally as much to do with their musical style and material, and with the British youth with far more control over what was popular and what wasn't, they decided the Beatles were the best, taking the rest of the country with them. The Beatles pioneered the British cultural invasion of the states and the world and allowed many other bands and creative people to follow in their footsteps and show the world what they could do. The fact the Beatles music is still known and liked today shows they were an extraordinary band, and the way they saw their fans and audiences differently too many other bands would have help in their success. In source B a concert is described and The Stones were playing, the writer of the source ‘doubts if the stones ever played so close to their audience again.' and describes The Stones being surrounded by ‘a heaving maniacal mob'. This was not how Paul Macartney described his audiences, yes they were usually hysterical but never harmful. He describes them as screaming a lot but not appearing to be scary or in any way threatening. I believe that the Beatles and the many other bands of the sixties made the way for the way our music is now, so many bands are influenced from bands from the sixties and many bands today which try to invent their own individual style like the Beatles had. The Beatles seemed to sum up the sixties with the music they wrote, their clothes, hair, accents, and their off hand attitudes they were a recipe fro success. However their impact upon teenagers was unbelievable, they became not just performers, they were heroes. I think this type of idolising someone was harmful however, what with the drug culture in the 1960's many bands including the Beatles were taking drugs. Source G, a extract form a biography of Janis Joplin, a rebellious teenager with a powerful blues voice became highly successful and lived a life of ‘sex, dugs, and rock ‘n' roll' always taking things to excess she died of a drug over dose in 1970. It was people like these who were obviously highly covered in the media through their popularity and the drug habits and the way that all of them were doing it made it seem socially acceptable. These people were the young's idols they looked up to them and copied what they did, the example they set was not the right one and that it was probably one of the reasons some people came to see the sixties popular culture as doing harm, and I probably agree with that. However I do think that the popularity of drugs died out as the years went past and although people still take them today by no means are they considered at all socially acceptable. Television and radio were also greatly changed due to the new market of teenagers wanting to hear pop music. New radio stations were set up, such as the start of ‘Radio Luxembourg (source E) after producers realised that teenagers were the way of the future. And the teens didn't even mind if the reception was lousy and faded out every minute or so it was the only radio station that gave them the chance to hear the music they wanted to listen to, and there was nothing like that before. Then in 1964 ‘Radio Caroline' began broadcasting, this was pirate radio but was extremely popular with teenagers who could hear non stop pop music for the first time. However was extremely unpopular with the BBC and the government who tried to have them banned. The new shows introduced on to TV such as, ‘Ready, Steady, Go' (source D) and ‘Top of the Pops' showing the pop music stars performing in front of their very eyes without having to go to a concert. ‘Ready Steady Go' was compulsory viewing and had a wonderfully catchy cry,' the weekend starts here!', giving the feeling of excitement and freedom. The presenter at the time was a popular model and with fashion being very influential upon the young it was yet another reason to watch the show. To most people the music industry was just as case of the young having fun but some people saw the young losing their sense of responsibility and obligation. Others saw other programmes as being morally un-suitable such as the new programmes showing life as it really was and more scenes of sex, alcohol, and drugs. People such as Mrs Mary Whitehouse believed this (source F). She believed that the traditional family values were being lost through the wrong and influential shows on television and that they should be replaced with more Christian shows which had a sense of purpose. However the 60's didn't sacrifice things such as education as there were nearly twice as many people in full time education in 1969 than in 1961. Showing that the young were just having a good social life and were being better educated as a generation. I think overall the 60's did more good than harm, the period brought in many new and exciting things and gave women more control over their life with the introduction of the pill and legalisation of abortion. Fashion was new and exciting and always changing with the invention of the mini skirt which was controversial to say the least. I do think that young people were encouraged to act irresponsibly and it somewhat seemed almost expected of them. However I don't think it has done any real harm to society in the long run. However I think without all the changes that took place society would have been a worse place of less freedom and more constriction, I don't think the changes that took place have done any real harm and that the changes would have probably taken place in some other period if they had not happen it the 60's.

Cell Theory and Knowledge and Understanding Essay

Explain how the advance in technology allowed the progressive accumulation of knowledge and understanding of the cell theory The technological advancements, in the scientific field, have opened opportunities for scientists to accumulate knowledge and understanding of the cell theory and have thus provided justification to the living organisms that exist. Notably, prior to the proposal of the cell theory, limited knowledge and understanding of what humans comprised of was evident and thus the theory of spontaneous generation was brought forth. This theory, which has been disproved by Virchow in 1855, suggests that living matter arouses spontaneously from non-living matter. As a consequence of limited technology, many people believed this theory as technological inventions like the light compound microscope, which showed life, were non-existent at the time. Evidently, in 1665, Robert Hooke, an English scientist, invented his own compound microscope and observed the cellular nature of the cork. The topic of cells was brought forth and from this moment, in 1674 Leeuwenhoek viewed microscope ‘ animalcules’ and in 1838, Schleiden and Schwann produced the cell theory, stating that all living things are made of cells and cells are the basic unit of organisms. Moreover, the technological introduction of stains were developed and assisted scientists to efficiently see cells and their internal structures. This staining technique, as a result of technology, created a contrast between the transparent material and its background, presenting a clear image of the cell. Therefore, through the technology advancement in staining techniques, the processes of the cells and nuclear division of the cell were visible. Significantly, towards the end of the 19th century, compound light microscopes had been developed to a point where the resolving power of microscopes was diminishing, with difficulty in separating objects. The next scientific breakthrough was evident as a result of the invention of the electron microscope, in 1933, which had a magnification of up to one million times and can show detailed images of internal structures. Thus, the accumulation of knowledge of the cell theory being radical, present the idea that the advancement of technology has had a tremendous impact on the cell theory.

Management Coaching Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Coaching - Thesis Example However, after realizing the benefits of this concept, more and more companies began incorporating it into their business practices. 2 Business coaching allows executives and regular staff alike to become self aware. They realize what their strengths and weaknesses really are and begin to look at issues from another perspective. On top of that, they begin to understand some of the mistakes that might have sprung from their beliefs and rationales. 3 Business coaching allows individuals to develop time management skills, organizational skills, strategic development skills and leadership skills. All these are vital in ensuring the smooth flow of organizational activities and practices. Business coaching is essential in clarifying one's role as a manager or executive. It transforms individuals from just being producers of goods and services to being in charge of one's business. This is possible by teaching candidates how to communicate to ones' subordinates about a strategic plan, how to focus on long term objectives and the process of delegating authority. 4 Organisations within the Asian context should definitely consider business coaching because it has the propensity to improve results and productivity. This is because it provides a connection between the technical and relational aspects of business. Since production is carried out by people, then one should look for ways of enhancing people relationships. Business coaching is the platform for doing that. How business coaching is done Business coaches should use a series of business skills to fit into a client's organization. They should also have experience with running their own businesses so that they can give support to their anecdotes using this hands-on experience. Business coaches do not tell clients what to do; instead, they foster a friendship with the client, support the client and cause the client to stretch their horizons beyond the obvious. 5 Business coaching is done depending on the needs of the clients. If a client needs business coaching skills to start a new company or business, then business coaches give them the tools for planning their businesses. Here, one is taught how to choose an appropriate organizational structure; one is also taught how to look for service providers from various professions. On top of that, one is given insight about choosing to hire external services or to outsource them. On top of that, one is also given training on sales and marketing strategies. When a business is growing and developing, business coaching involves helping the client redesign their business plan. It is also teaches clients how to improve their operation systems. Also, they are taught how to evaluate their competitors and gauge the most threatening ones. The delegation process is also paramount in growing businesses and this is a key subject in business coaching. 6 When a client owns an already established business, then business coaching is tailored towards this need. Managers are taught how to change their management structures. They are also taught how to encourage their employees to be more innovative. Besides that, business coaching here involves teaching managers how to encourage their employees to be more innovative. Employers are also taught how to evaluate opportunities and methods of entering into new markets. 7 The last category of clients in business coach

Population Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Population - Coursework Example Family planning programs have been increased in the 80’s with the help of the state governments. The Indian government focused more on rural areas to control the population through primary health centers. Family planning programs such as All-India Hospitals Post-partum Program at district- and sub district-level hospitals, reorganization of primary health care facilities in urban slum areas, reservation of hospital beds for tubal ligature operations, re-modeling of intrauterine device (IUD) rooms in rural family welfare centers attached to primary health care facilities, were included in the seventh â€Å"Five Year Plan† of the Indian government. â€Å"Another important family planning program is the Project for Community Action in Family Planning. Located in Karnataka, the project operates in 154 project villages and 255 control On the other hand, the Chinese traditionally prefer early marriage, early child-bearing, and large families. â€Å"Chinas current family planning policy was made to meet the needs of a special period. At present, the Chinese Family Planning Policy guidelines are as follows: 1. Controlling the rapid population growth and reducing birth defects.2. Late marriages, later births, and fewer babies; couples are encouraged to have only one child. In rural areas, the birth of a second child should be spaced 4-5 years from the first† (Li Wei-xiong) Just like India, China also has started implement family planning measures in the 1960’s onwards. China has adopted the strategies like late marriage, fewer births, and spacing of births to control the population. Fewer births were advocated - one is good, two are acceptable and three are too many. â€Å"In the early 1980s, central government advocated one child per family in urban areas. For rural area couples, one child is impractical, which causes difficulties; therefore, couples are encouraged to have a second child after a gap of around 4 years† (Li Wei-xiong).

Employment Discrimination- Legal research term project Paper

Employment Discrimination- Legal term project - Research Paper Example It is essential to understand the content of employment laws that prohibit discrimination because inadequately following these laws may cost a company vast resources as a result of litigation if that company is not careful to prevent discriminatory practices in its hiring and employment. Employment discrimination is discrimination in the process of hiring, promoting, assigning, terminating, or compensating employees, which includes any kind of harassment or on-the-job persecution.2 Most often, this kind of discrimination is defined in terms of an impact on members of a particular class or category of people, such as ethnicity, gender, or disability. Measuring discrimination relative to the effect on members of protected classes is necessary because without membership in particular classes of people, there would be no basis for people to discriminate or hold prejudices against others. Clearly, discrimination can either occur on an explicit or implicit level, which corresponds to the d ifference between intentional and unintentional discrimination. In the case of unintentional, or implicit, discrimination, there may be subconscious biases or prejudices that a hiring manager may have against people of a certain group (e.g. that physically handicapped people are below average in intelligence) can cause a disparate impact on that group, simply through the manager’s hiring decisions.3 This impact may extend past the hiring process and into the areas of wage discrimination and workplace retaliation for various reasons. There are Constitutional limits on employment discrimination such as the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, as well as a number of Federal laws. Although Constitutional dictates are universal, they apply only to employment in government and not in the private workplace. Among the most important pieces of Federal legislation against employment discrimination is Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin regarding terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. This coincided with the granting of civil rights to minorities in the United States in other areas of public life not expressly dealing with employment. One year prior to the CRA, the Equal Pay Act (EPA) of 1963 banned compensation for employees that differs based solely on sex and not on any other factor relative to the job. While it does not exclude other discriminatory practices in hiring, one of the EPA’s conditions is that workers who perform equal work in jobs requiring â€Å"equal skill, effort, and responsibility and performed under similar working conditions† should be provided equal pay.4 Although the pay differential between the sexes has not evened out completely since 1963, the law has been successful in paring much of the deficit. Employment

Description of Business Resources Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Description of Business Resources - Coursework Example The notion that managing resources and controlling budget cost can improve the performance of a business is also discussed in a clear and outright way. There are several physical and technological resources required in the operation of the advertising and publishing company. One is building and facilities, it is apparent that the business needs a premise to operate from in Oman. Buildings play a significant role in the image of a company and can influence different types of customers. The location of the business is important for distribution purposes. By locating the business at Oman, Mohammed should ensure it is located a place where it is accessed by many people as there will be more profits.1 Another one is the machinery to be used in the company. Mohammed should ensure that the company obtains the required machinery in the publishing process. Also, there must be computers where the adverts will be designed from before publication. Mohammed will need to ensure that he abides by the health and safety laws. This is by providing the employees with a safe environment as some of the equipment and machinery may be hazardous to health. The stock is another requirement needed by the company. The advertising and publishing company requires the stock of papers and ink that will be used in the printing process.2 The management of human resources can improve the performance of the selected organization. Mohammed should ensure that the right approach is used to the employees planning and management of their profession. Human resource management is important to the company as it enables employees to perform efficiently increasing the production. Some of the methods Mohammed can use in managing human resource management are training, appraisal, motivating and personal development skills. Also, the staff to be employed must have the right skills and papers for a particular Job role.

Throughout the Pacific islands, settler societies became increasingly Essay

Throughout the Pacific islands, settler societies became increasingly concerned with issues of race and gender. Do you agree or disagree Justify your answer - Essay Example Before long, France, the United States, Germany, and Britain had claims to one or several of the Pacific islands. Prior to the arrival of these explorers and settlers, the indigenous inhabitants of the islands had their rudimentary forms of culture and governance. It was far from similar to the colonial ways, but it was sufficient to maintain their society in relatively peaceful coexistence with their fellow islanders. Early foreign contact with native inhabitants of the islands was with beachcombers. They had cordial and friendly relations with each other. Other explorers who later made contact with the natives had a different perception of the natives. They saw them as an uncivilized, unlearned, and un-Christianized group of savages. They were determined to change the culture of the indigenous inhabitants. They wanted to teach them the right ways, which was--their way-the European way. The arrival of the settler communities in the Pacific marked the slow and gradual breakdown of the ancient ways and customs of the unique Pacific inhabitants. These settlers represented to the natives the loss of their rich land and resources, the loss of their population to diseases brought by the new settlers and the introduction of the white frontier woman. This essay discusses the Pacific island history focusing on the events of 19th Century colonialism which marked the arrival of the settler societies in the Pacific, the influence that these settlers had on the Pacific natives, and the eventual reactions of the natives to the settler communities. J.B. Thurston wrote that ‘with all our highfalutin to the contrary, the wrongs we have committed in the names of Christianity, civilization, [and] progress are manifold. We are ... a race of robbers and spoilers.’ 1 The arrival of the settler societies in the Pacific islands brought with it racial and ethnic tension. The cultures of these two societies were so diverse from each other that

Sustainability of autoclaved cellular concrete Essay

Sustainability of autoclaved cellular concrete - Essay Example This building material is suitable for formation of inner leaf of cavity walls, walls, floors by combining with aircrete beams, ceilings due to their excellent thermal insulators. They can easily be shaped into anything the builder’s desire making it favorable. This has given rise to a complete construction system with complementary products all over the World.AAC ensures a comfortable environment with all the satisfactions of the modern building (mhe aac, 2013). Advantages of Engineering and constructing using Autoclaved Aerated Concrete. Engineers and constructors who have been in the game for a long time will weigh many options on what kind of building materials to use for construction. They consider the pros and cons of each building materials they have used to advise a client before settling on one. In this case AAC is the building material of choice. The following are some of the factors of autoclaved aerated concrete which make the choice favorable. 1. Portability. ... 2. Flexibility This is evident in shaping, cutting process as it reduces the chance of wasting so much in terms of building materials. This kind of workability will be of so much good to a client in cutting costs. Since AAC has the ability to offer a combination of structural capability and insulation it makes it suitable for almost everything from walls, roofs and floors. 3. Durability Its ability to resist water, mildew, rotting, rust and insect’s invasion unlike things like timber make it longer lasting. This will ensure a stable construction. 4. Fire Resistance. Autoclaved aerated concrete is known to have a higher thermal mass, provide air tightness making it non combustible. It can resist fire with excellence and will not produce toxic fumes unlike other building materials due to their R-value which is slightly higher than R-1. 5. Air leakage is very low as compared to other building materials due to its production process. Its however not fair to talk of only advantages without mentioning a few drawbacks related to AAC.According to a report written by Stefan Schnitzler AAC has some disadvantages more so in the United States. Stefan states that in the US there are a few manufacturers and the only manufacturer Hebel Operations who was left moved his operations to Mexico making it a bit expensive hence not adopted by many US citizens (Melton, 2012). He also mentions that since the mortar application process has to be precise builders need to learn on curves (Melton, 2012). In the US the material has to come from Mexico meaning that the probability of an increase in mileage will result to a higher cost as well. AAC is only good for residential building rather than for high rising buildings

Introduction to MS project 2003 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Introduction to MS project 2003 - Assignment Example This software was programmed to help its users to improve their operations in the business world, this software was meant to raise the profile of various services and products. With Microsoft Project 2003, one can create a new system, improve customers experience and expectations and also engage in any activity that is towards improving the customer’s efforts. Whenever any project is in session, it is important to give out reports about the project itself when using this program. For one to be able to see all the reports while using this program, they just click on the view button. From this point, they will be able to select the stories then they at the same time select the category that they require (Culp & VTC Incorporated 2005). This software also uses what is known as the assessment process, in that the program can constitute the development of projects bit by bit but in a perfect way. At the same time, the software is built with a compensation plan, this is a component that is capable of working well in a network marketing. This makes it be the best even though other versions are coming up, that are best and easy to operate than this version. The versions are also have an friendly interface. To conclude, this Microsoft Project 2003, is useful for business management. It is more efficient in the world of project management, and many business oriented companies that would want to succeed should consider

What Happened To School Food Essay Example for Free

What Happened To School Food Essay What happened to school food? I use to be excited for what was for lunch but now I just hope it is something edible. Since I started high school the quality of our lunches has been on the decline. With Michelle Obama’s National School Lunch Program now requiring less than 300 calories per meal the school is losing money from students not eating and the students are losing fuel that their bodies need to survive. Park Hill South should drop the National School Lunch Program and this is why. My first issue is the new amount of calories that can be in a lunch. Reducing the maximum amount of calories to 300 is ridiculous. The U. S. Department of Agriculture recommends that the average teenage boy consume between 2,400 and 2,800 calories per day. That means that only one eighth of your daily calories is in one of our school lunches. To some students lunch many be their only quality meal of the day and if it’s such a small amount of food they won’t have enough energy to get them through the day. Also athletes need to eat good, nutritional food to give them enough energy for afterschool practices. Since they aren’t getting the amount of calories they need their performance will be decreased. My second issue is the overall quality of the food getting served. The food ranges from okay to disgusting, with most on the lower end of the scale. Back when I was a freshman the pasta bar had a delicious breadstick that was as long as the tray and soft, but now after all the changes we get a little stubby piece of hard bread. Changes like that have been made for almost every meal that is served by the school. Since the quality of our food as gone down many students now bring their lunch or don’t eat at all. With fewer lunches being bought the school has to be losing a substantial amount of revenue. I went from eating around $4. 00 of food last year to only $0. 50 this year. If 25 students do the same thing that’s a loss of $87. 50 per day! The issue with school lunches need to be changed. If Park Hill South would leave the National School Lunch Program they would benefit greatly. From the happiness and health of the students to the boosts in money that will be made from better sales. I now it won’t be done overnight but hopefully in the next few years they will decide to start making better food.

Experienced Stigma in Severe Mental Illness

Experienced Stigma in Severe Mental Illness Exploring experienced stigma in severe mental illness – contributing to validation of a psychometric instrument Luà ­s Pedro Santos de Mendonà §a Table of contents (Jump to) Acknowledgements   Acronyms 1 Introduction 1.1 About stigma 1.1.1 Why to focus on stigma? 1.1.2 Evolution of the concept 1.1.3 Development of stigma 1.1.4 Different concepts of stigma 1.1.5 Correlates and consequences of stigma 1.2 Stigma research 1.2.1 Instruments to measure stigma categories and criteria for psychometric properties 1.2.2 Perceived stigma 1.2.3 Self-Stigma 1.2.4 Experienced stigma 1.2.5 Stigma studies in Portugal 1.3 Consumer experiences of stigma questionnaire (CESQ) 1.3.1 Main research with psychometric data involving CESQ. Acronyms CASS Clinician Assessment of Schizophrenic Syndromes CAT Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment CESQ – Consumer Experiences of Stigma Questionnaire CFA – Confirmatory Factor Analysis CI – Confidence interval CRPD Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities DISC – Discrimination and Stigma Scale DSSS – Depression Self-stigma Scale EDS – Experiences of Discrimination Scale EFA – Exploratory Factor Analysis FBS Frankfurter Befindlichkeits-Skala GAF Global Assessment of Functioning GAS Global Assessment Scale HIV/AIDS – Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HSRS Health Sickness Rating Scale HSS – Stigmatisation Scale ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICD – International Classification of Diseases ISE – The Inventory of Stigmatising Experiences ISMI – Internalised Stigma of Mental Illness KMO – Kaiser-Meyer Olkin statistic M – Mean MIDUS – MacArthur Foundation Midlife Development in the United States MSA – Measures of sampling adequacy MSS – Maristan Stigma Scale NAMI National Aliiance for Mentally Ill PA – Parallel Analysis PAF – Principal Axis Factoring PANSS – Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale PCM – Polychoric correlation matrix PDD – Perceived devaluation and discrimination scale PD-S Paranoid-Depresività ¤ts-Skala QOLI – Quality of Life Interview RES – Rejection Experiences Scale RMSEA Root mean square error of approximation SD – Standard deviation SESQ – Self-esteem and Stigma Questionnaire SFS – Social Functioning Scale SLDS – Satisfaction with Life Domains Scale SRER – Self Reported Experiences of Rejection SS – Stigma Scale SSMIS – Self-stigma of Mental Illness Scale UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights WHO – World Health Organization WLSMV Means and Variance adjusted weighted least square 1 Introduction 1.1 About stigma 1.1.1 Why to focus on stigma? Stigma is defined as a sign of disgrace or discredit. Authors agree it is a powerful negative attribute, having its impact on all social relations. Stigma is present everywhere in our society. It affects different characteristics in people, ranging from sexual orientation to HIV/AIDS, several medical disorders, gender, race, unemployment or obesity. However, it is in mental health disorders that stigma has its most devastating impact, although not always obvious. Discrimination, the enactment of stigma, appears closely associated to it. While stigma lies at the base of discrimination, discriminatory practices also promote and reinforce stigma. Discrimination is also about the conditions in which patients live, mental health budgets and the priority which we allow these services to achieve.1 In other words, stigma and discrimination lead to social exclusion – a triad that is a key determinant of mental health. Stigma and discrimination are violations of human rights. Intention and commitment to fight stigma are present in the spirit of legally binding treaties such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)2 , International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)3, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)4 and Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT)5, and are explicitly mentioned on the Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPD)6. CRPD actually demands that signatories ‘take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination on the basis of disability by any person, organisation or private enterprise’, and to ‘adopt immediate, effective and appropriate measures †¦ to combat stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices relating to persons with disabilities †¦ in all areas of life’.6 From the part of the World Health Organization, tackling stigma, discrimination and social exclusion is a major concern of the General Assembly, with of the General Assembly, with reflection in the WHO Mental Health Action Plan 2013-20207. At regional level, in European Union, commitment to fighting stigma and discrimination is a consequence of signing treaties like European Convention on Human Rights, European Social Charter, European Convention on the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and, specifically, Recommendation Rec(2004)10, of the Committee of Ministers to member states, concerning the protection of the human rights and dignity of persons with mental disorder. Still at regional level, and in line with WHO Mental Health Action Plan, stigma and discrimination is one of the main action areas of European Mental Health Action Plan.8 At national level, fighting stigma, discrimination and social exclusion is a component of policies, plans and programs worldwide. In a time when quality mechanisms tend to be implemented into healthcare systems, there is also a trend to develop parts of quality standards that have statements on fighting stigma at a local level. NICE quality standards are a good example9. To implement stigma into quality standards is, by itself, a strategy to fight it, by turning each service user in a potential advocate, as Byrne noted1. Therefore, there is the need to foster development of indicators that can be used regarding mental illness stigma. 1.1.2 Evolution of the concept Stigma is a word that has its reminiscences in the Greek civilization. Stigma were body marks that were intentionally applied to individuals- the stigmatized that carried unacceptable moral or individual traits, as compared to standards in that society. Christians absorbed the concept, adding two other meanings to those body marks – to indicate a holy grace or to indicate a sign of deformity/physical disease. Anyway, even in early days of Christianity, stigma implied, from the social point of view, firstly, â€Å"imputing a meaning into something† even if it did not have that meaning, and, secondly, dealing with deviations to a social norm. Goffmann10 was the first author to theorize stigma. To Goffmann, stigma is the result of a gap between perceived attributes and stereotypes. It is a matter of perspective, not reality. it is â€Å"in the eye of the beholder†. Stereotypes are selective perceptions that categorize people, and that exaggerate differences between groups (‘them and us’) in order to obscure differences within groups.11 He defines three types of attributes: Body(physical) – e.g. visible deformities in the body, deformity caused by physical disease Character (personal) – e.g. mental illness, criminal conviction Tribal (Social) – e.g. stigma of one group against another. Goffmann also distinguishes between â€Å"discredited† and discreditable†. Those concepts were further developed by Jones et al.12 , who proposed six dimensions of stigma: Concealability indicates how obvious or detectable the characteristic is to others. Course indicates whether the stigmatizing condition is reversible over time. Irreversible conditions provoke more negative attitudes than others. Disruptiveness indicates the extent to which a mark blocks or diminishes interpersonal interactions. Aesthetics reflects what is attractive or pleasing to ones perceptions. When applied to stigma, it means whether a mark provokes a reaction of disgust. Origin refers to how the condition came into being. Perceived responsibility on the conditions will carry more negative attitude. Peril, refers to feelings of danger or threat induced in others. This can mean physical threat (as in â€Å"contamination†) or simply uneaseness. According to Byrne, stigma is connoted with a few negative attributes. Shame is its first expression, resulting from perception as indulgence or as a weakness, despite centuries of knowledge, media campaigns and â€Å"the decade of the brain†. Blame is also an attitude that appears associated to shame.1 Maintaining secrecy is the maladaptive way some people find to cope with shame, but it can lead to deleterious consequences. 1.1.3 Development of stigma Negative attitudes towards people with mental illness, according to Byrne 1, exist since playschool and extend into early adulthood. This is suggested by several studies: Weiss13 examined a cohort of children of elementary school age and confirmed the prejudices eight years after; Green14 compared attitudes between several studies using the same measures, that ranged over 22 years, and found consistent results indicating community had the same negative attitudes. This objects the common belief that with increased scientific knowledge about mental illness, stigma would tend to disappear. 1.1.4 Different concepts of stigma Stigma concept has evolved in the last fifteen years. Link and Phelan have added discrimination to Jones’ original dimensions.15 Still, in 2001 the same authors present two major challenges for the concept of stigma. The first challenge is that researchers who research stigma do so from their own vantage point, giving priority to their scientific theories and research techniques rather than words and perceptions about people they study, which lead to misunderstanding of the experience of people being stigmatized and to perpetuation of assumptions that are unsubstantiated. The second challenge is about individualization of stigma and the fact that in research it tends to be considered as an attribute or a mark of the individual rather than a designation or tag that others affix to a person. Thus, Link and Phelan propose a definition of stigma based on a convergence a few components: Distinguishing and labelling human differences – oversimplification of salient differences between human beings occurs, with further labelling of individuals. Associating human differences to negative attributes – Labels previously mentioned are associated to negative sterotypes, as previously described by Goffmann. Categories and stereotypes are often â€Å"automatic† and facilitate â€Å"cognitive efficiency†. Separating â€Å"us from them† – Social labels connote a separation between the group that stigmatizes (â€Å"us†) and the group that is being stigmatized (â€Å"them†). For example, some people talk about people who have schizophrenia as being â€Å"schizophrenics†. Status loss and discrimination – stigma leads to loss of status in social hierarchy, and to discrimination, both at individual and at structural levels. Link and Phelan also emphasize that stigma is a matter of power – certain groups in the society have the power to stigmatize. Stigma is also a matter of degree – there is a continuum between its existence and its absence. Corrigan16, has an opposing view, focused on cognitive and behaviour features of mental illness. He proposed a model in which stigma was categorized either as public or self stigma. Public stigma is defined as the reaction that the general population has to people with mental illness. Self stigma is the prejudice which people with mental illness turn against themselves. In each of the categories, stigma is broken down into three elements: stereotypes (cognitive knowledge structures) prejudice (cognitive and emotional consequence of stereotypes) and discrimination (behavioural consequence of prejudice)17 . Thornicroft et al.18, elaborate on this framework, stating that stigma is composed of problems at three levels: Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour. Mental health knowledge is also known in the literature as mental health literacy. A study by Jorm et al. in Australia has shown better knowledge was correlated with better recognition of the features of depression, and better compliance with help seeking or medication and/or psychotherapy compliance.19 Nevertheless, by citing contradicting evidence, Thornicroft18 states that â€Å"an increase in knowledge about mental illness does not necessarily improve either attitudes or behaviour towards people with mental illness.† Negative attitudes, also known as prejudice, is the most studied component. According to Thornicroft, it can predict more strongly actual discrimination than do stereotypes. Attitudes have been widely researched. There are studies regarding both public, healthcare practitioners (and medical students) and caregivers. Thornicroft emphasizes the importance of studying actual behaviour, stressing that most of the studies have focused on attitudes towards hypothetical situations, rather than actual stigmatizing and discriminative behaviour. Thornicroft proposes a shift from research focused on stigma to research focused on discrimination.18 1.1.5 Correlates and consequences of stigma Stigma can have profound impact both at individuals with mental illness and their relatives. Rà ¼sch et al.17 list four negative consequences of public stigma: Everyday life discriminations encountered in interpersonal relations and depictions in media Structural discrimination – inequity in the access to opportunities in private and public institutions. Self-stigma (versus empowerment) Fear of stigma as a barrier to use health services. About self-stigma and empowerment, Rà ¼sch et al. comment, firstly, that self-stigma and empowerment are on the same continuum of self-esteem. They also remark that people may have different reactions to public stigma – while some people react with low self-esteem (self-stigmatized), some people might react with anger or indifference. They point out a possible explanation for this resides both within group identification with public stigma and perceived legitimacy of it. They also point the issue of self-disclosure – a person who considers mental illness is a part of his/her identity will more likely reveal his/her condition to others. Secondly, Rà ¼sch et al. comment on the relationship between stigma and service use. People decrease usage of psychiatric services in order to overcome public stigma. This is supported by evidence showing associations of this lack of usage with negative reactions from family members and poorer social status. Lack of usage of psychiatric services is intrinsically linked to decreased treatment compliance and, therefore, poorer prognosis.20,21 Personal stigma has shown to be associated with variables at different domains, in a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Livingston and Boyd. In the psychosocial domain, stigma has been negatively associated with hope, self-esteem, empowerment/mastery, self-efficacy, quality of life and social support/integration, both at group and individual levels.22–24 In the psychiatric domain, stigma has been positively associated with symptom severity and negatively with treatment adherence22. There are mixed results regarding association of stigma to diagnosis, illness duration, hospitalizations, insight, treatment setting, functioning and medication side effects, with most of the studies failing to show any statistically significant association. Regarding socio-demographic variables, both gender, age, education, employment, marital status, income and ethnicity have failed to show any consistent results.22 We should note, however, that some studies have shown significant associations, both positive and negative, regarding each of the variables, with stigma. 1.2 Stigma research Wahl et al., in 1999, mention four types of stigma research: Research that involves self-reports from general public. Research using vignettes or profiles of individuals and study participants’ ratings of people described. Analogue behaviour studies,(â€Å"experimental studies†) in which people are led to believe they are dealing with a person with mental illness. They note, however, there was, at the time, few research focused on mental health consumer, and his personal experiences of mental stigma.25 The paradigm changed and nowadays there is a relatively large number of instruments to measure personal experiences of mental stigma. 1.2.1 Instruments to measure stigma categories and criteria for psychometric properties In 2010, Brohan et al. 26, reviewed systematically 75 studies with instruments to measure personal experiences of mental stigma. Quality criteria for health status questionnaires have been thoroughly reviewed by Terwee et al,27 and are briefly described in Table 1. Table 1 Criteria for quality of psychometric instruments26,27 Brohan et al.26 considered instruments to measure personal experiences of stigma in three categories: Perceived stigma Self-Stigma Experienced stigma The found fourteen measures, used in the studies, which are listed in Table 2, and that were, thus, grouped in each of those categories. Instruments used were also assessed as to their psychometric properties, according to criteria by Terwee et al.27 Table 2 Scales assessing stigma experienced by people with experience of mental illness (Adapted from Brohan et al.26) 1.2.2 Perceived stigma Perceived or felt stigma, according to Scambler et al46 original definition, refers principally to the fear of enacted stigma, but also encompasses a feeling of shame associated with the illness. Van Brakel et al47, however, remove the feeling of shame from that definition, considering research about perceived stigma as research in which â€Å"people with a (potentially) stigmatized health condition are interviewed about stigma and discrimination they fear or perceive to be present in the community or society†. Perceived stigma can refer both to what an individual thinks most people would believe towards a certain group of the society or what that individual thinks about him personally as a member of a stigmatized group.48 Components of perceived stigma reported in the literature as measurable variables include stereotype awareness (perception by the individual of how individuals with mental illness are viewed by â€Å"most other people† in the society)16 and personal expectations or fears of encountering stigma. Perceived stigma is addressed in the vast majority (79%) of the studies reported by Brohan et al. Seven measures were used in the literature to measure it: PDD, SSMIS, ISE, HSS, SESQ, DSSS and DISC. PDD26,28 is the most commonly used scale. It totals 12 items its two subscales measure perceived discrimination and perceived devaluation – a way of measuring stereotype awareness. Perceived stigma is also measured in 10 item stereotype awareness subscale in SSMIS30. HSS investigates perceptions of how the person feels they have been personally viewed or treated by the society. In 2 of its items, DISC addresses the expectation of being stigmatized in various aspects of life – a concept called anticipated discrimination. Although in a specific setting and about a specific group, MSS44,45 â€Å"health professionals† subscale measures in our opinion perceived stigma regarding healthcare professionals, so it would fit in perceived stigma category. Regarding psychometric properties, all of the measures above mentioned reported on content validity. PDD, SESQ and DSS did not report whether target population was involved in selecting items in the scale. DSSS and SESQ reported results on internal consistency. However, PDD; SSMIS, ISE and HSS, although have calculations for Cronbach’s alpha, do not have factor analysis. SSMIS and SESQ have measured test retest reliability. MSS has been multiculturally tested, and its content validity was assessed. Cronbach alpha, internal consistency and test-retest reliability have been reported and meet criterion level. 1.2.3 Self-Stigma Self-stigma is considered, by Corrigan, the internalization of the public stigma. For Corrigan et al, there are three components in self stigma: negative belief about the self (e.g., character weakness, incompetence) – cognitive response, agreement with beliefs expressed by the public or the society and negative emotional reaction (e.g., low self-esteem, low self-efficacy) – affective response and behaviour response to prejudice (e.g., failing to pursue work and housing opportunities)16,49 Self-stigma is assessed by ISMI, SSMIS, DSSS, SS and ISE. Alienation, stereotype endorsement and social withdrawal subscales in ISMI, measure self-stigma, which correspond to its affective, cognitive and behavioural dimensions50. SSMIS measures self-stigma through three sub-scales: stereotype agreement; stereotype self-concurrence and self-esteem decrement26,30. SS has a â€Å"disclosure† subscale, which focus on the three dimensions already mentioned26,35. ISE contains one item on social withdrwal36. DSSS addresses self-stigma through two subscales – general self-stigma and secrecy: general self-stigma measures personal stereotype awareness. Secrecy subscale can be comparable to social withdrawal subscale in ISMI and disclosure scale in SS33. MSS44,45 has a 4 item subscale on self-stigma. According to Brohan, all the measures reported on content validity. DSSS did not report on target population involvement in item selection. SSMIS and ISE reported on partial criteria for internal consistency, reporting Cronbach’s alpha calculation but not factor analysis. ISMI; DSSS and SS have full internal consistency analysis. ISMI, SSMIS and SS have been reported to have measured test-retest reliability. 1.2.4 Experienced stigma According to Brohan and van Brakel, experienced stigma is the â€Å"experience of actual discrimination and/or participation restrictions on the part of the person affected†26,47. For the purpose of this definition, measuring experienced stigma can refer to measuring experiencing stigma in general or a report of experiences of stigma in specific situations or areas of life.26 By measuring experienced stigma, one can, thus, assess direct effects of public stigma on the stigmatized individual. Measures of experienced stigma include ISMI, CESQ, SRES, DSSS, SRE, SS, ISE, MIDUS, DISC and EDS. CESQ will b

William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- William Shakespeare macbeth lad

William Shakespeare's Macbeth During the Elizabethan era, the great chain of being reigned. Women were low on this chain of power, and men were on top. In fact, women were below horses; you couldn’t live without a good horse, but, you could live without a wife. Lady Macbeth was a woman before her time, she was caught between being today’s ambitious, powerful modern woman and a fragile creature of the Elizabethan era. In the first four acts of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is vicious, overly ambitious, without conscience, and willing to do whatever it takes to get what she wants. In this case, she wants to become Queen of Scotland.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "Whiles I stood rapt in the/ wonder of it, came missives from the king, who all-/ hailed me, ‘Thane of Cawdor’; by which title, before,/ these weird sisters saluted me, and referred me to the/ coming on of time, with ‘Hail, King that shalt be!’/ This have I thought good to deliver thee, my dearest/ partner of greatness; that thou mightest not lose the/ dues of rejoicing, by being ignorant of what greatness/ is promised thee. " (I v, 5-13).Because Lady Macbeth is a woman, she does not have the strength in her female frame, either in heart, body nor mind to carry out the deed of killing the King. Therefore, she calls upon the aid of the supernatural to give her male powers, so that she may have the gall to go through with the plan to murder the King, and allow Macbeth to obtain the throne. "The raven himself is hoarse/ That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan/ Under my battlements. Come, you spirits/ That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here,/ And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full/ Of direst cruelty! Make thick my blood,/ Stop up the access and passage to remorse,/ That no compunctious visitings of nature/ Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between/ The effect and it! Come to my woman’s breasts,/ And take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers,/ Wherever in your sightless substances/ You wait on natures’s mischief! Come thick night,/ and pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell,/ That my keen knife see not the wound it makes,/ Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark,/ To cry ‘Hold, hold!’" (I v, 41-57)"Man: a human male, or human kind. Women have always been considered as the gentler and fair sex. Lady Macbeth feels that to commit this crime, she must become as cruel as she believes men are. Sh... ...and womanly nature had been worked up to a concentration and high tension which could not endure for long." (Shakespeare Criticism- Freud on the Macbeths). Lady Macbeth is a powerful character who goes from a rise to power to a fall of mental illness brought on by guilt. She was caught between two time periods, that of the Elizabethan era and modern day. Works Cited Harbrace Shakespeare. Macbeth. Ed. Margaret Kortes. Harcourt Brace: Canada, 1988.William Shakespeare Criticism- Freud on the Macbeths (from Some Character-Types Met With in Psycho-Analytical Work; 1916). <a href="http://sunflower.singnet.com.sg/~yisheng/notes/shakespere/mbeth_f.htm">http://sunflower.singnet.com.sg/~yisheng/notes/shakespere/mbeth_f.htmLady Macbeth- Character Changes Throughout the Play PlanetPapers.com. <a href="http://www.plantpapers.com/count.cgi?ID=1790">http://www.plantpapers.com/count.cgi?ID=1790The Rise and Fall of Lady Macbeth <a href="http://www.aurora.komux.norrkoping.se/oxford/litera/tim/links.htm">http://www.aurora.komux.norrkoping.se/oxford/litera/tim/links.htmMacbeth SparkNotes Online Study Guides <a href=http://www.sparknotes.com">http://www.sparknotes.com William Shakespeare's Macbeth Essay -- William Shakespeare macbeth lad William Shakespeare's Macbeth During the Elizabethan era, the great chain of being reigned. Women were low on this chain of power, and men were on top. In fact, women were below horses; you couldn’t live without a good horse, but, you could live without a wife. Lady Macbeth was a woman before her time, she was caught between being today’s ambitious, powerful modern woman and a fragile creature of the Elizabethan era. In the first four acts of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is vicious, overly ambitious, without conscience, and willing to do whatever it takes to get what she wants. In this case, she wants to become Queen of Scotland.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "Whiles I stood rapt in the/ wonder of it, came missives from the king, who all-/ hailed me, ‘Thane of Cawdor’; by which title, before,/ these weird sisters saluted me, and referred me to the/ coming on of time, with ‘Hail, King that shalt be!’/ This have I thought good to deliver thee, my dearest/ partner of greatness; that thou mightest not lose the/ dues of rejoicing, by being ignorant of what greatness/ is promised thee. " (I v, 5-13).Because Lady Macbeth is a woman, she does not have the strength in her female frame, either in heart, body nor mind to carry out the deed of killing the King. Therefore, she calls upon the aid of the supernatural to give her male powers, so that she may have the gall to go through with the plan to murder the King, and allow Macbeth to obtain the throne. "The raven himself is hoarse/ That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan/ Under my battlements. Come, you spirits/ That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here,/ And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full/ Of direst cruelty! Make thick my blood,/ Stop up the access and passage to remorse,/ That no compunctious visitings of nature/ Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between/ The effect and it! Come to my woman’s breasts,/ And take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers,/ Wherever in your sightless substances/ You wait on natures’s mischief! Come thick night,/ and pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell,/ That my keen knife see not the wound it makes,/ Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark,/ To cry ‘Hold, hold!’" (I v, 41-57)"Man: a human male, or human kind. Women have always been considered as the gentler and fair sex. Lady Macbeth feels that to commit this crime, she must become as cruel as she believes men are. Sh... ...and womanly nature had been worked up to a concentration and high tension which could not endure for long." (Shakespeare Criticism- Freud on the Macbeths). Lady Macbeth is a powerful character who goes from a rise to power to a fall of mental illness brought on by guilt. She was caught between two time periods, that of the Elizabethan era and modern day. Works Cited Harbrace Shakespeare. Macbeth. Ed. Margaret Kortes. Harcourt Brace: Canada, 1988.William Shakespeare Criticism- Freud on the Macbeths (from Some Character-Types Met With in Psycho-Analytical Work; 1916). <a href="http://sunflower.singnet.com.sg/~yisheng/notes/shakespere/mbeth_f.htm">http://sunflower.singnet.com.sg/~yisheng/notes/shakespere/mbeth_f.htmLady Macbeth- Character Changes Throughout the Play PlanetPapers.com. <a href="http://www.plantpapers.com/count.cgi?ID=1790">http://www.plantpapers.com/count.cgi?ID=1790The Rise and Fall of Lady Macbeth <a href="http://www.aurora.komux.norrkoping.se/oxford/litera/tim/links.htm">http://www.aurora.komux.norrkoping.se/oxford/litera/tim/links.htmMacbeth SparkNotes Online Study Guides <a href=http://www.sparknotes.com">http://www.sparknotes.com

Analysis of Langston Hughes On the Road :: On The Road essays

Analysis of Langston Hughes' On the Road In life, we are often confronted with boundaries created by society and ourselves. In our limited understanding of what those boundaries represent, we find ourselves confined by our ego. Racism and prejudices have plagued society for many years, and many of us have been judged and condemned for expressing our true selves. How long must it take for us all to be accepted as beautiful beings, all perfectly capable of greatness and joy? Langston Hughes', "On the Road," uses beautiful symbolism and imagery. He offers a gift to his readers: Open your heart and life will provide unlimited abundance. During this literary analysis, we will take a look at how Hughes uses nature to demonstrate his main character's unwillingness to participate in life. Another point we'll examine is the use of anger and survival and how it can be used as a powerful force in breaking down racial barriers. Next, we'II look at Jesus Christ as a metaphor for how we experience life and how traditional church values contradict each other when it comes to the acceptance of human beings. Finally, we'll briefly take an historic look at how the Depression gave blacks an even playing field with whites. To begin with, Hughes uses nature to demonstrate a distinct relationship amongst blacks and whites. His use of snow and night convey a point simple enough, but through the use of these metaphors, he enables the story to be less invasive and more appealing to everyone that experiences "On the Road". Hughes' main character, Sargeant, is left doubting the goodness of life. "Sargeant didn't see the snow, not even under the bright lights of the main street, falling white and flaky against the night. He was too hungry, too sleepy, too tired" (Hughes 1). For almost two hundred years white people have suppressed the black population. Hughes' use of snow and night give us perfect example. Sargeant was tired of fighting, tired of surviving, tired of hoping, and most of all tired of the white people who've suppressed and tormented his life. On the other hand, Hughes reminds us that if combined, the beauty of both night and snow create a perfect harmony.

The Bretton Woods System Essay -- Economics

The theme of this essay outlines two things. One, the key elements of Bretton woods system and second, the characterisation of Bretton woods system by Ruggie as ‘embedded liberalism’, and how far he succeeds in it. The Bretton woods system is widely referred to the international monetary regime, which prevailed from the end of the World War 2 until the early 1970s. After the end of the World War 2, the need of international monetary framework to boost trade and economic; growth and stability, was important. Taking its name from the site of the 1944 conference, attended by all forty-four allied nations; the Bretton Woods system consisted of four key elements. First, to make a system in which each member nation has to fix or peg his currency exchange rate against the gold or U.S. dollar, as the key currency. Secondly, the free exchange of currencies between countries at the established and fixed exchange rate; plus or minus a one-percent margin. Thirdly, to create an institutional forum, so-called International Monetary Fund (IMF), for the international co-operation on money matters: to set up, stabilize, and watch over exchange rates. Fourth, to remove all the existing exchange controls limiting (protectionism) policies by the members, on the use of its currency for international trade. In practice the first scheme, as well as its later development and final demise, were directly dependent on the preferences and policies of its most powerful member, the United States. According to John Gerard Ruggie, 1982, this Bretton woods system of monetary co-operation represented the type of liberalism which characterise â€Å"domestic social economic stability along with a liberal trading order.† He referred this system as ‘embed... ...aracterised Bretton woods system as ‘embedded liberalism’ to show how market forces were surrounded by social and political constraints. Embedded liberalism thus signifies a compromise between the excessive free international market economics and the excessive domestic protectionist policies. Ruggie embedded liberalism represented an enclosed international liberal trade within the post-war consensus of fixed exchange rates and capital controls. The fixed exchange rate helped to promote stable liberal trade by removing any future uncertainty in exchange rate movements. Whereas for domestic social and economic stability, national government would use capital controls. All these practices were the key elements of Bretton woods system and also constitute the institution of embedded liberalism. Hence, Bretton woods system can be characterised as ‘embedded liberalism’.

Continental Philosophy Essay

When beginning the study of philosophy it is hard to believe that there are so many components involved with one subject. But in reality philosophy is really a broad term for many subtopics; as is the case when discussing continental philosophy, which is the philosophical tradition of continental Europe including phenomenology and existentialism. It all began with Absolute Idealism supported by such philosophers as Fichte and Hegel. It was during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that immense amounts of historical changes taking place in the world were showing in the philosophical movements of that time period. George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel begins the historical analysis of continental philosophy since it all begins with his theories. Though Hegel’s philosophies have been described as difficult his theories form the foundation for what is now known as Hegelian idealism. His theory has four main themes. The first is dependant on the â€Å"Absolute† and states that the â€Å"Absolute† is that which is most real and true and which can also think for itself. The second is based on idealism and he speaks of the objective world being an â€Å"expression of infinite thought† (Moore & Bruder 2005) and that each individuals mind thought processes actually are reflections on themselves. The third theory is based on reality. For Hegel this was not an easy concept. To try to make it easier to understand our book tries to describe it as being similar to mathematics in that everything is coherently connected to another. So in order for something to be completely true it is dependant on all its parts to make it so. Then the forth theory is known as â€Å"The Absolute† and is the â€Å"sum total of reality; is a system of conceptual triads . . . the entire system of thought and reality . . . is an integrated whole in which each proposition is logically interconnected with the rest† (2005). As the nineteenth century turned into the twentieth century what seemed to transpire in philosophy was a direct result of Hegel himself. The response to Hegelian idealism in Europe became known as Continental philosophy which includes the two branches of thought that will be explored, existentialism and phenomenology. Existentialism is a philosophical movement with its main emphasis on individual existence, freedom, and choice. Existentialism became popularized in the 1900’s. Mainly due to what was happening during World War II, many of the popular existentialists were affected by the traumatic world events of that time period. Albert Camus was profoundly affected by World War II and this was depicted throughout his many writings. According to our reading he saw much suffering and despair prior to the war even starting. He eventually became active in social reform and was a member of the communist party for a brief period of time. Even though he will forever be connected to the world of existentialism, he never accepted that to be true. Regardless of his beliefs to whether or not he was an existentialist his thought process has been forever linked. Considered to be a literary genius of his time he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957. During the war, Camus published a number of works which have become associated with his principle thought processes on the â€Å"absurd†: his idea is mainly that it is impossible to make rational sense of one’s experience, and human life is made meaningless by mortality. World War II brought Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre together. Sartre is arguably the most famous existentialist. Unlike Camus, Sartre was an atheist. His main beliefs revolve around the fact that there is in fact no God. For Existentialists like Sartre, the absence of God has a much larger significance than the metaphysics of creation: Without God there is no purpose, no value, and no meaning in the world. Phenomenology is the second branch of Continental philosophy that has historical connections to Hegelian idealism and thus existentialism. Phenomenology is the direct result of Edmund Husserl’s philosophies. According to Husserl, the goal of philosophy was to describe the data of consciousness without bias or prejudice, ignoring all metaphysical and scientific theories in order to accurately describe and analyze the data gathered by human senses and the mind. â€Å"Phenomenology, in theory, simply explores conscious experience without making any metaphysical assumptions† (2005). Martin Heidegger was another popular phenomenologist of the twentieth century. He was inspired by Husserl’s works. â€Å"Heidegger, too, was convinced that it was necessary to look at things with fresh eyes, unshrouded by the presuppositions of the present and past† (2005). According to him humans are actually â€Å"ignorant† to everything, what he called the â€Å"true nature of Being† (2005). It all goes back to Socrates and our inner search for something. In reality however Heidegger and Socrates philosophies are not similar in anyway. To define humans as animals capable of rational thinking is for Heidegger a distorted anthropology. He is not concerned with destroying logic, the ability to formulate analogies, or to display ratios. His mission is to preserve the fragile tendencies of spontaneous thought processes. By so doing Heidegger sees himself as presenting the phenomenal world. Continental philosophy is a form of philosophy that broadens the gap across the continents. It was the form of philosophy that took place in continental Europe during the twentieth century. It was during that time that the main philosophers of that time were being influenced by the terror and violence that was surrounding them thanks in part due to World War II. This influential time saw the rise in existentialism and phenomenology. References Moore, B. N. & Bruder, K. (2005). Philosophy: The power of ideas (6th ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

American Music And Popular Culture

British American folk music tradition refers to the music origin is associated with the British and white Americans while the African American music refers to the music that originated with the black Americans. British American folk music was mostly about cases that needed to be pointed out and occupations respectively. Briton songs are about problems that needed to be pointed out for all to see and reason for the factual basis. American on the other sung about occupations and even criminals. African American music came in a wide variety.The histonces file show that the earliest folk songs originated with the blacks as they went about their work in the vast farms or related in their servant quarters. The African American folk music is so vast and varied that no single image is adequate to embrace it all. There is a picture of a slave at work in the field or steering about or even a rhythmic chanting of work songs which gives multi faced picture of different situations. Both cultures display use of daily happenings as the theme in their songs.In both cultures folk music was disseminated through word of mouth as there were no recorders then. The composer sang it out as a way of teaching the others and it would spread on to the others through hearing. This affected the music in there with closing memory and change in geography. The music and words were altered to fit the singers. There is no original tone of the folk song and most came in different tunes. In both societies the tone depended on who was singing the song. However the British American society acquired print earlier than the African American.In fact so intertwined for centimes is the printed and the over traditions that the notion of a ‘pole’ and tradition is a disputed issue in this society. Many of their folk songs are known to have in and out of print according to the history of these songs. It is evident that many of British American folk songs even though different in reception to geo graphical distribution multiple versions have been discovered to strikingly similar in details. However the African American societies print arrived after the civil war.The aftermath of this was brought whites from the north, many of then abolitionists, into direct contact with the black people for the first time. Even before the wars ended, events such as the formation of the black regiments fighting for the unions cause and the famous’ part of loyal experiment’ which teachers and missionaries were recruited from the north – began acquitting northern with the songs of the slaves. The first print accounts of the African American songs appeared in the periodicals of these northern shortly thereafter, the first spiritual appeared in a street music form.African American development of their folk songs was highly assisted by the early discoveries of the British American. African American folk song music was mostly affected by the music from the African continent. Th is is so because the black people were brought to this continent from Africa in more or less continuous wares of forced migration over a period of about two hundred years. However owing to the small ratio of blacks to whites. Africans was highly suppresses and only survived in certain forms especially customary celebration on specific occasions. British American had pure lands origin without borrowing else where.British American music was done solely with the intent of enhancing the understanding of the principle involved, without giving a touch of the culture involved. Singing style was an integral part of the British American folk song. The tone quality and inflections of the voice, the way a singer earned the rhythm and pitch were subtly varied. These were all parts of the song. On the other hand the African American folk ,music not only did the tone matter but also the kinetic rhythm which enclosed the people to dance which the British American society regarded as the ceseivious immoral and pagan.They dance in very organized ways and never danced to fiddles tone. Musical instruments: The arrangement of the words found in the British American folk music known as ‘play –party carries songs shows an association with dancing for over a long time. There is a considerable overlapping between the vocal and instrumental traditions in this type of a song. It may be treated as a song with instruments compliments or a dance tone to which verses of the song are simply sung intermittently.African American tradition folk music portrays a picture of the slaves rare moments of play – the slave’s quarters ringing with sound of singing and dancing to the compliment of home made fiddles and banjos, and of clapping and stamping. Music accompaniment was pleasant in these two societies in traditional folk music from the beginning. Percussion instruments were the most commonly used musical instrument during those periods and it played a role in enhanci ng a rhythm to the song. In African American music drum sticks or hitters have become one of the moist important instruments that are being used in the music.The drum sticks are not used in the British American music. The types of equipment they use differ greatly. The African American music has the same percussions as the Indian American music both which are similar as compared to the British American. The words and music. The words and music used in both cases differ greatly and they intend to show the origin of each community. The British American words and the African American words differ in the importance to the music. The African American music at times acts as chats while the British American words at times have conations which have a meaning.Generally the British American culture music use octave scale while the African American do not use. They consider tone values such as doh, re, mi, fa so, la ti doh which are musical tones and they show the highness or lowness of the mu sic. The African American music does not keep these standards. In his work Bierhorst argues that the African America music like the Indian music is the like the music of the birds which does not have fixed tones that can be played by the piano. They are like syllable of ordinary speech. The melodies used in the songs range from tones to tones Types of songs.A bailed was used to refer to the folksongs and thus the bailed came in different categories: Cries calls and hollers. It was a kind of musical expression among black’s people that was regarded as primitive and evocative. Those cries and calls of the field, the levees the track were highly individualized expressions for communication for revealing loneliness. For giving vent to feelings or simply expressing the feel of ones existence. Ironically the urban counterparts used these cries to advertise goods and services. These kinds of folk songs were never associated with the British American society.Folk blues: Similar to th e cries cells and hollers the blue were used as intense personal expressions by the African American people. Folk blue underwent an evolution after the emancipation which brought a great change and there was the confrontation most with an entirely new set of social and economic problems that came with freedom including the need for money. The blues were used to express depression and other difficulties they faced. The spiritual: The term spiritual was derived from shortening of the New Testament phrase â€Å"spiritual songs†.It was found in both societies and it associated with Christianity which the whites converted the black immigrant into. Lyrical songs: Songs that were primarily not narratives but once with an easy flow of words found in the way British American folk music. Play party songs/ fiddle songs: These are songs that became widely used as a form of organized dancing called the play party songs. They had their origin from their prohibition in some traditions again st dancing as such but especially with the use of the fiddle considered a sinful instrument of the devil.These songs were mostly found in the British American traditional society. In a nutshell British-America is a type of music categorized in secular type of music and which talks about so many things or issues in the society like male to female relationships, education, sex and even cultures. British-America music originated from the western countries. As it has always been said what is a vice may or not be in a society, culture, tribe or even individuals may be a virtue to others. The African-American side mostly has not recognized it as presentable.This has then created both a global culture to and it and it has been used to strengthen specific local identities to a larger extent especially in Africa. African-American has also created a global culture of dressing especially in Africa. A good example is the Rastafarian music lovers associated with Africa. This people have one same culture that is universal for instance they have a common hair style of dreadlocks and four common colors which are red, green, yellow and black. They also believe in jagging or drooping trousers.Local dressing identifies African-American music hence are seen to have been tampered with language identities. REFERENCES Bierhorst, J. (1979); A Cry from the Earth. New York: Four Winds Press. Bookbinder, D (1979), What Folk Music is All About. New York: Julian Messner, Bruno N. (1992); Excursions in World Music. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Bruno, N. (1973); Folk and Traditional Music of the Western Continents. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Sandberg, Larry and Weissman, Dick,(1976); The Folk Music Source Book. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Brush Yo Teeth

Brush your teeth added 8-7-97 Original Author Unknown Sung to: â€Å"Row, Row Row your Boat† Brush, brush, brush your teeth. At least two times a day. Cleaning, cleaning, cleaning, cleaning, Fighting tooth decay. Floss, floss,floss your teeth. Every single day. Gently, gently, gently,gently, Whisking Plaque away. Rinse, rinse, rinse your teeth Every single day. Swishing, swishing, swishing, swishing, Fighting tooth decay. * Brush twice a day with an ADA — accepted fluoride toothpaste to remove plaque-the sticky film on teeth that's the main cause of tooth decay. Floss daily to remove plaque from between your teeth and under the gumline, before it can harden into tartar. Once tartar has formed, it can only be removed by a professional cleaning. * Eat a well-balanced diet that limits starchy or sugary foods, which produce plaque acids that cause tooth decay. When you do eat these foods, try to eat them with your meal instead of as a snack-the extra saliva produced during a meal helps rinse food from the mouth. * Use dental products that contain fluoride, including toothpaste. * Make sure that your children's drinking water is fluoridated.If your water supply; municipal, well or bottled does not contain fluoride, your dentist or pediatrician may prescribe daily fluoride supplements. * Take your child to the dentist for regular checkups. What Brushing Techniques Can I Show My Child? You may want to supervise your children until they get the hang of these simple steps: * Use a pea-sized dab of an ADA-accepted fluoride toothpaste. Take care that your child does not swallow the toothpaste. * Using a soft-bristled toothbrush, brush the inside surface of each tooth first, where plaque may accumulate most.Brush gently back and forth. * Clean the outer surfaces of each tooth. Angle the brush along the outer gumline. Gently brush back and forth. * Brush the chewing surface of each tooth. Gently brush back and forth. * Use the tip of the brush to clean behind each front tooth, both top and bottom. * It's always fun to brush the tongue! When Should My Child Begin Flossing? Because flossing removes food particles and plaque between teeth that brushing misses, you should floss for your children beginning at age 4. By the time they reach age 8, most kids can begin flossing for themselves.What are Dental Sealants and How Do I Know if My Child Needs Them? A dental sealant creates a highly-effective barrier against decay. Sealants are thin plastic coatings applied to the chewing surfaces of a child's permanent back teeth, where most cavities form. Applying a sealant is not painful and can be performed in one dental visit. Your dentist can tell you whether your child might benefit from a dental sealant. What is Fluoride and How Do I Know if My Child is Getting the Right Amount? Fluoride is one of the best ways to help prevent against tooth decay.A naturally occurring mineral, fluoride combines with the tooth's enamel to strengthen it. In many mu nicipal water supplies, the right amount of fluoride is added for proper tooth development. To find out whether your water contains fluoride, and how much, call your local water district. If your water supply does not contain any (or enough) fluoride, your child's pediatrician or dentist may suggest using fluoride drops or a mouthrinse in addition to a fluoride toothpaste. How Important is Diet to My Child's Oral Health? A balanced diet is necessary for your child to develop strong, decay-resistant teeth.In addition to a full range of vitamins and minerals, a child's diet should include plenty of calcium, phosphorous, and proper levels of fluoride. If fluoride is your child's greatest protection against tooth decay, then frequent snacking may be the biggest enemy. The sugars and starches found in many foods and snacks like cookies, candies, dried fruit, soft drinks, pretzels and potato chips combine with plaque on teeth to create acids. These acids attack the tooth enamel and may le ad to cavities. Each â€Å"plaque attack† can last up to 20 minutes after a meal or snack has been finished.Even a little nibble can create plaque acids. So it's best to limit snacking between meals. What Should I Do if My Child Chips, Breaks or Knocks Out a Tooth? With any injury to your child's mouth, you should contact your dentist immediately. The dentist will want to examine the affected area and determine appropriate treatment. If your child is in pain from a broken, cracked or chipped tooth, you should visit the dentist immediately. You may want to give an over-the-counter pain reliever to your child until his/her appointment.If possible, keep any part of the tooth that has broken off and take this with you to the dentist. If a tooth is completely knocked out of the mouth by an injury, take the tooth to your dentist as soon as possible. Handle the tooth as little as possible — do not wipe or otherwise clean the tooth. Store the tooth in water or milk until you g et to a dentist. It may be possible for the tooth to be placed back into your child's mouth, a procedure called reimplantation. Fine motor and measuring Toothpaste Putty In bowl, mix 2 tablespoons cornstarch, 1 tablespoon white glue, and ? teaspoon toothpaste (not gel).Add ? teaspoon water. Stir until mixture is soft like putty. Putty may begin to harden in 20 minutes; to soften add a drop of water. Projects will dry hard in 24 hours. The more you pull and stretch this like taffy the better it gets. I also keep a small container like a tuna can on the table with a little water in it. This putty dries fast and if the children just dip their fingers periodically in the water and then handle the putty the few drops of water restores the texture. You can make a picture recipe of this and each child can follow the recipe to make their own personal amount of this dough

How Important Is Recycling In Society Environmental Sciences Essay

RecyclingA is a procedure of utilizing waste stuffs into new merchandises to forestall wastage of utile stuffs, reduces the ingestion of fresh natural stuffs, reduceA use of energy, reduces chiefly land pollution and H2O pollution by cut downing the demand for â€Å" conventional † waste disposal. Recycling is a cardinal constituent of cut downing modern waste and is the 3rd constituent of the 3R constructs that are â€Å" Reduce, Reuse, Recycle † A . The recycling symbolA is recognizedA symbolA used to designateA recyclableA stuffs internationally. It is composed of three trailing pointers that form an ageless cringle. Recycling has been a common pattern for most of human history, with recorded of advocators as far back as Plato in 400 BC.A During periods when resources are rare, archeological surveies of ancient mopess wastes show less household waste ( such as ashes, broken tools and clayware ) -implying more waste were being recycled in the absence of new stuff. In pre-industrial times, there is grounds of bit bronze and other metals are collected in Europe and melted down for ageless reuse.A In Britain dust and ash from the wood fires and coal fires was collected by â€Å" scavengers † and downcycled as the basic stuff used in the industry of bricks.A The chief driver of these types of recycling was the economic advantage of obtaining recycled feedstock alternatively of geting virgin stuff, and every bit good as the deficiency of public waste remotion in more dumbly populated countries. In 1813, Benjamin Law developed the procedure of turning in shred into â€Å" cheapjack † and â€Å" mungo † wool in Batley, Yorkshire.A This stuff recycled combined fibers with virgin wool.A Industry West Yorkshire in towns such as Batley and Dewsbury, lasted from the early nineteenth century at least 1914. Industrialization has increased the demand for stuffs, aside from shreds, ferric scrapped metals were desired because they were cheaper to purchase than that of virgin ore.A Railways both bought and sold bit metal in the nineteenth century, and the turning steel and automotive industries progressively purchased bit in the early twentieth century.A Many secondary merchandises have been collected, processed and sold by the peddlers who combed mopess, streets, and went door to door in hunt of cast-off machines, pots, pans, and otherA metal sources.A By the World War I, 1000s of merchandisers roamed the streets of metropoliss in the U.S. , taking advantage of market forces to recycle post-consumer stuffs back into industrial production. Wartime Resource deficits caused by World Wars, and other events that change the universe greatly encouraged recycling.A Extensive authorities publicity runs have been carried out in the Second World War in every states involved in the war, coercing citizens to donate metals and preserve fibre, as a affair of important loyal importance.A For illustration in 1939, Britain launched a plan called Paper Salvage where this is to promote recycling of stuffs to help the war effort.A Resource preservation plans established during the war were continued in some states without an copiousness of natural resources, like Japan after the war ended. Postwar The following major investing in recycling occurred in the seventiess due to lifting energy costs.A Recycling aluminium uses merely 5 % of the energy required by virgin production, glass, paper and metals have less dramatic but really important energy when recycled feedstock is used. Importance of recycling Recycling is indispensable to both to human existences and its surrounding environment. Some facts about how rubbish that we produce is invariably increasing: I. Population is being increased and that means there are more people to make waste. two. The wealth is being increased and that means people are purchasing more and more merchandises and making more waste finally. three. Lifestyle is being changed, such as devouring more fast nutrient presents, and that means we create extra waste that is non-biodegradable. four. Developing of new technological merchandises and new packaging are being created, most of the stuffs in these merchandises that are non-biodegradable. Importance to people Around the universe, recycling is of import to metropoliss and to the people populating here and at that place in these metropoliss. I. By and large continuing natural resources is indispensable for the future coevalss. The demand for more natural stuffs is reduced by recycling ; it besides minimizes the usage of energy, hence its better continuing natural resources for the hereafter. two. Fiscal outgo is being reduced in the economic system. The merchandises made from the natural stuffs costs much more than if they were made from recycling merchandises. Environmental importance Waste is of import to be recycle as it has a immense negative impact on natural environment.i.Recycling helps to minimise the pollution caused by waste as these waste can let go of risky chemicals and nursery gases to the environment.two. Deforestation can do habitat devastation and planetary heating. the demand for natural stuffs can be reduced by recycling ( e.g: paper recycling ) . three. When merchandises are being made from natural stuffs, big sum of energy are being used. Recycling requires less energy and hence it helps to continue natural resources.Recycling in MauritiusIt has been noted that up until really recently in Mauritius the recycling of waste from family has been referred to a little measure and which are being likely to be neglected. Surely screening of waste and recycling is ineluctable for our spectacless, Sns, plastics and documents. It is true that, some of the larger hypermarkets are interested with fictile bin for aggregation and recycling, but what about the other waste we produced? But this state of affairs is being changed with the act of introducing of in 2007 the NGO of Mission Verte. There is now a proliferation of about 20 recycling centersA in Mauritius. The aboriginal purpose of the NGO is to raise consciousness of the populace about the 3R that is to cut down, re-use and recycle the waste of family. Their attempts aimed greatly at promoting the sorting and sedimentation of documents, composition boards, Sn, plastics and spectacless by the persons for assemblage and collected by local companies for the procedure recycling, but they are besides acute to advance theA compost methodsA of the green waste by the populace. Mare Chicose, created in the 1990s, is place to the island ‘s merely family landfill waste site. However, this landfill is under force per unit area because of the increasing sum of waste created. An sum of 375,000 metric tons of solid waste was created in 2003 ( 1,200 metric tons per twenty-four hours ) , which is expected to increase by 418,000 metric tons in 2014 and 510,000 in 2034. To clear up the state of affairs, the authorities has proposedA the creative activity ofA anA incinerationA plantA which would manage aboutA three quartersA of theA waste createdA andA produceA electricity.A TheA obstacleA is thatA the waste in Mauritius, which is mostly green ( garden waste, veggies, A etc. ) , A non suited for incineration, A andA besides that the chimneyA would haveA major negativeA public wellness, environmental andA economic impacts.A Environmental organizationsA inA MauritiusA recommend that minimizingA the creative activity of waste by enabling the recyclingA andA compost ingA ofA green waste ; A will extendA theA lifetime sufficientlyA landfill site, removingA theA importanceA of an incineratorA orA forA further landfill sites. Screening of waste Bins have been provided in many topographic points in Mauritius to rectify sorting of waste. The Mission Verte organisation provides information cusps about the marks on these bins. Materials that can be recycle in Mauritius Thin composition boards and paper – Thin composition board: bristol paper, for illustration: biscuits boxes, , coffin nail packages, medical specialty boxes etc. Paper: Magazine, handbills, newspaper, envelope and pulling documents, exercising books and telephone books. Note that milk, soap cartons, juice, C paper or dirty paper, wallpapers and wax documents, metalized and plasticized paper ( cocoa or some confects negligees ) can non be recycle. plastic- jar, bottle, container and pots of ‘all ‘ fictile types All types of plastic can now be deposited at: Grand-Bay, Tamarin and Forest-sides.A Merely fictile bottles can be deposited at Floreal, Curepipe, Flacq, Mahebourg, Phoenix and Trianon. aluminum tins and metal- Aluminium tins are discarded in the plastic subdivision Note that Preserves tins, jam tins, aerosols, metallic tray, aluminum pans or dishware can non be recycle in Mauritius. cardboards- All packaging and boxes made of ‘corrugated composition board ‘ can merely be recycle in Mauritius. Note: Dirty containers of pizza, poster board, or other nutrient containers can non be recycle in our island. glass – All glass bottle, jars and pot can be recycle except mirror, porcelains, light bulb and ceramic which can non be recycle in Mauritius. ( glass can merely be recovered at Curepipe terminal )